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Machine learning (ML) approaches offer the potential to improve prediction accuracy for medication harm by capturing complex relationships among clinical risk factors that traditional statistical models may not detect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and evaluate ML models for predicting medication harm in hospitalised adult patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ML study involving secondary use of a prospectively collected hospital cohort dataset.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used data from 279 adult patients admitted to general medical and geriatric wards of a tertiary hospital, among whom 40 experienced 51 medication harm events. Eight ML models were trained and evaluated for identifying patients at risk of medication harm. Medication harm cases were identified through detailed chart reviews, trigger tools, voluntary incident reporting, and International Classification of Diseases version 10 discharge coding. Data were pre-processed with missing values imputed using median imputation. Ten predictive features were selected using recursive feature elimination and clinical expert opinion. Models were trained using stratified 10-fold cross-validation with an 80\/20 train-test split. Class imbalance was addressed using an oversampling approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A random forest model demonstrated the highest performance, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76, precision of 0.50, recall of 0.62, F1 score of 0.54, accuracy of 0.86, specificity of 0.90, and an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.47. Predictive features of importance included length of stay, depression, dementia, insulin use, number of medications (\u2a7e15), age (\u2a7e65), opioid use, and antibiotic use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the potential of ML models to predict medication harm, enabling early identification of high-risk patients for preventive interventions. Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential in developing robust, clinically relevant models that can be used to improve patient safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20420986251409325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:32:53Z","timestamp":1768825973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Machine learning risk prediction models for medication harm in hospitalised adult patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9394-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Yong Jie","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8105-0090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Barras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7596-0837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian A.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Services Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Metro South Digital Health and Informatics Division, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9390-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Masood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metro South Digital Health and Informatics Division, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6022-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Abdel-Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4682-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazanin","family":"Falconer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033236"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-5-481"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-369521-5.00013-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4188"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-019-00738-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2330-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-017-0157-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","volume-title":"Evidence briefings on interventions to improve medication safety: double-checking medication administration","author":"Ramasamy S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramasamy S, Baysari M, Lehnbom E, et al. 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