{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:29:39Z","timestamp":1777879779550,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is increasing evidence of the association between chronic low-grade inflammation and severe mental illness (SMI). The objective of our study was to assess serum cytokine levels (SCLs) at admission and discharge in a true-to-life-setting population of inpatients with major depression (MD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (Sz), as well as of healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We considered MD, BD, and Sz to be SMIs. We evaluated 206 inpatients [MD, N\u2009=\u200992; BD, N\u2009=\u200926; mania (Ma), N\u2009=\u200944; Sz, N\u2009=\u200944). Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze variations in SCL [interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17] at hospital admission and discharge. Results of 100 healthy controls were compared with those of SMI patients at both time points. We evaluated patients\u2019 improvement during in-hospital treatment in terms of general psychiatric symptoms, global clinical impression, functionality, and manic and depressive symptoms with validated scales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all, 68.9% of patients completed the study. Overall, SMI inpatients had higher SCL when compared with controls regardless of diagnosis. There was a significant decrease in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Clinical Global Impression\u2013Severity Scale (CGI-S) scores, and an increase in Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores for all disorders evaluated ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), as well as a significant decrease in HDRS-17 scores among MD inpatients ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and in YMRS scores among Ma inpatients ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). IL-2 and IL-6 levels decreased significantly between admission and discharge only among MD inpatients ( p\u2009=\u20090.002 and p\u2009=\u20090.03, respectively). We found no further statistically significant changes in SCL among the remaining disorders (BD, Ma, and Sz). There was no significant decrease in IFN-\u03b3 ( p\u2009=\u20090.64), TNF-\u03b1 ( p\u2009=\u20090.87), IL-4 ( p\u2009=\u20090.21), IL-10 ( p\u2009=\u20090.88), and IL-17 ( p\u2009=\u20090.71) levels in any of the evaluated diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MD inpatients had a decrease in IL-2 and IL-6 levels during hospitalization, which was accompanied by clinical improvement. No associations were found for the remaining SMIs (BD, Ma, and Sz).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253221135463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T08:29:07Z","timestamp":1676536147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Serum cytokine variations among inpatients with major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia\n                    <i>versus<\/i>\n                    healthy controls: a prospective \u2018true-to-life\u2019 study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8386-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Augusto","family":"Schmitt Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Innovations and Interventions for Quality of Life (I-QoL), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Postgraduate Programin Medical Sciences: Psychiatry, Avenue Ramiro Barcellos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 90035-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4387-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Primo de Carvalho Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovations and Interventions for Quality of Life (I-QoL), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara Larissa","family":"Padilha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Innovations and Interventions for Quality of Life (I-QoL), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neusa Sica","family":"da Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"Innovations and Interventions for Quality of Life (I-QoL), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20252"},{"key":"bibr2-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu138"},{"key":"bibr3-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.2.242"},{"key":"bibr4-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019590"},{"key":"bibr5-20451253221135463","first-page":"7909","volume":"346","author":"Lawrence D","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ (Online)"},{"key":"bibr6-20451253221135463","first-page":"6395","volume":"360","author":"Anttila 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Desfechos cl\u00ednicos e BDNF em pacientes com doen\u00e7a mental grave durante interna\u00e7\u00e3o psiqui\u00e1trica em hospital geral 2016, https:\/\/lume.ufrgs.br\/bitstream\/handle\/10183\/148111\/001000570.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"bibr37-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12698"},{"key":"bibr38-20451253221135463","first-page":"4195","volume":"55","author":"K\u00f6hler CA","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"bibr39-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.06.001"},{"key":"bibr40-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1611"},{"key":"bibr41-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.167"},{"key":"bibr42-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.4"},{"key":"bibr43-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025333"},{"key":"bibr44-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0471-8"},{"key":"bibr45-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.06.021"},{"key":"bibr46-20451253221135463","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13103"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20451253221135463","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20451253221135463","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20451253221135463","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:52:57Z","timestamp":1777593177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20451253221135463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20451253221135463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20451253221135463","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-1253","2045-1261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-1253","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-1261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"article-number":"20451253221135463"}}