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Clinical assessment included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Constipation Assessment Scale, and Bristol Stool Classification Scale. A subset of patients underwent secondary confirmation of constipation status using the Radiopaque Marker. Peripheral immune factors were analyzed using ProcartaPlex in 44 patients with constipation and 44 without.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a two-phase, cross-sectional observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of constipation was 36.36% (56\/154). Among the 88 patients assessed for immune factors, serum IL-10 levels were nominally elevated in the constipation group compared to the non-constipation group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.043, Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.32), an associated that did not remian statistically significant after false discovery rate correction (FDR-adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.432). In addition, the equivalent dose of clozapine showed a negative correlation with IL-1\u03b2 levels. Logistic regression analysis showed a preliminary association of IL-10 with constipation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relatively high prevalence of AIC, particularly among clozapine users, highlights the need for increased clinical awareness and monitoring. The findings may suggest a possible link between AIC and inflammatory processes. Notably, a preliminary observation of elevated peripheral IL-10 levels in patients with constipation needs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253261432764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T04:18:47Z","timestamp":1774585127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical hallmarks and peripheral immune factors associated with antipsychotic-induced constipation in schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Huai\u2019an No. 3 People\u2019s Hospital, Huai\u2019an, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuxiu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nousayhah","family":"Amdanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Second People\u2019s Hospital of Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5516-7989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2737-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangrong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Xuzhou Oriental Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30511-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","first-page":"357","article-title":"Global economic burden of schizophrenia: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Chong HY","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chong HY, Teoh SL, Wu DB, et al. 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