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Overall, objective short sleep and bad sleep quality (non-restorative sleep) and subjective long sleep duration are clearly associated with major cardiovascular diseases and fatal cardiovascular outcomes. Sleep apnoea, either obstructive or central in origin, represents the most prevalent, but only one, of many sleep-related disorders in cardiovascular patients. However, observations suggest a bidirectional relationship between sleep and cardiovascular diseases that may go beyond what can be explained based on concomitant sleep-related disorders as confounding factors. This makes sleep itself a modifiable treatment target. Therefore, this article reviews the available literature on the association of sleep with cardiovascular diseases, and discusses potential pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, important limitations of the current assessment, quantification and interpretation of sleep in patients with cardiovascular disease, along with a discussion of suitable study designs to address future research questions and clinical implications are highlighted. There are only a few randomised controlled interventional outcome trials in this field, and some of the largest studies have failed to demonstrate improved survival with treatment (with worse outcomes in some cases). In contrast, some recent pilot studies have shown a benefit of treatment in selected patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319879526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T08:00:37Z","timestamp":1572336037000},"page":"189-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Sleep \u2013 the yet underappreciated player in cardiovascular diseases: A clinical review from the German Cardiac Society Working Group on Sleep Disordered Breathing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Spiesshoefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant Anna, Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology with Institute for Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Linz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders (CHRD), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Skobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Care Unit Pneumology, Sleep Medicine, Allergology and Cardiology, Luisenhospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Arzt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, University 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Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Cardiology, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Oldenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludgerus-Kliniken M\u00fcnster, Clemenshospital, Department of Cardiology, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the German Cardiac Society Working Group on Sleep Disordered Breathing (AG 35-Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Kardiologie Herz und Kreislaufforschung 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