{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:32:11Z","timestamp":1777879931315,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous publications have proved the effectiveness of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on pneumococcal pleural empyema (PnPE) in children, with little emergence of other pathogens. We searched the literature to establish whether PCV13 reduces PnPE, and to identify other pathogens causing pleural empyemas (PEs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From October 2005 to January 2018 (12.3\u2009years) we performed active surveillance for all cases of PE at the General Hospital of Tijuana, Mexico. Isolates from pleural fluid (PF) were identified by conventional culture, and since 2014, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was added for all culture-negative PFs. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes were detected by either Quellung reaction (Statens Serum Institute\u00ae) or PCR. Clinical, imagenological, laboratorial and microbiological evaluation was performed on each patient. Statistical analysis was purely descriptive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 64 PEs were identified (5.28\/year). Median age was 51\u2009months (1\u2013191), hospitalization days 18 (4\u201335). Decortication was performed in 42%, and two children died (3.2%). Bacterial identification was obtained from 51 (80%). S. pneumoniae was the leading cause (29 = 56.8%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (14 = 27.4%), Streptococcus pyogenes (3\u20135 = 9%) and others (5 = 9.8%). PCV13 was initiated in May 2012, and its impact on serotype-specific PnPE was 81% (much fewer than serotype 3) and for all PnPE 56.1%; however, for all PE \u22122.1% due to an increase of PE caused by S. aureus for all but one methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following 12.3\u2009years of active surveillance, PCV13 has shown impact on both serotype-specific and all PnPEs; however, an increase of PEs by MRSA has emerged. Continuous surveillance is crucial to establish whether this epidemiological finding is transitory or not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936119839312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T10:09:47Z","timestamp":1554286187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["12 years active surveillance for pediatric pleural empyema in a Mexican hospital: effectiveness of pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine, and early emergence of methicillin-resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2466-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Chacon-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General de Tijuana, Paseo Centenario S\/N, Zona Rio, Tijuana, Baja California 22010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Rivas-Landeros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital General de Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"Volker-Soberanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital General de Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika Zoe","family":"Lopatynsky-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Becka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Harlingen, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Arturo","family":"Alvelais-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Campus ECISALUD, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-018-0607-z"},{"key":"bibr2-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002100"},{"key":"bibr3-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.055"},{"key":"bibr4-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001845"},{"key":"bibr5-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)71081-3"},{"key":"bibr6-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2051013616650158"},{"key":"bibr7-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piw089"},{"key":"bibr8-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix115"},{"key":"bibr9-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1116654"},{"key":"bibr10-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.06.011"},{"key":"bibr11-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098567"},{"key":"bibr12-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00368"},{"key":"bibr13-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.08.039"},{"key":"bibr14-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1703.101254"},{"key":"bibr15-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199010000-00007"},{"key":"bibr16-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1235"},{"key":"bibr17-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20170120-02"},{"key":"bibr18-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2003.12.025"},{"key":"bibr19-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix418"},{"key":"bibr20-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001709"},{"key":"bibr21-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2051013614547199"},{"key":"bibr22-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02290.x"},{"key":"bibr23-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.156406"},{"key":"bibr24-2049936119839312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.6.1735"},{"key":"bibr25-2049936119839312","first-page":"113","volume":"39","author":"Sarihan 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