{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T13:09:54Z","timestamp":1785848994820,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections is very low in developed countries. Recent massive migration flows from highly hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and\/or HIV endemic regions to Europe may have changed this scenario.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 2017 and 2018, a total of 491,753 blood donations (291,762 donors) were evaluated at the Madrid Regional Transfusion Center. All were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV and anti-HIV, as well as for HBV-DNA, HCV-RNA and HIV-RNA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 35 donors were positive for HIV-RNA and 26 for HCV-RNA. HBV markers were found in 111 (0.022%) donors, split out into three categories: HBsAg+ ( n\u2009=\u200993; 0.019%), occult B infection (OBI) ( n\u2009=\u200917; 0.003%), and acute HBV window period ( n\u2009=\u20091; 0.0002%). All 17 OBI donors were positive for anti-HBc and confirmed as viremic in repeated testing. Viral load amounts were uniformly below 100\u2009IU\/mL. Ten OBI donors were repeated donors and look-back studies could be completed for eight of them. Fortunately, none of all prior recipients experienced transfusion transmitted hepatitis B. Compared with HBsAg+ donors, OBI donors were more frequently native Spaniards (76% versus 40%) and older (median age 52 versus 42\u2009years old).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Active HBV infection is currently found in 0.022% of blood donations (0.038% of donors) in Madrid. This rate is 3-fold greater than for HIV and\/or HCV. On the other hand, HBsAg+ donors are 3-fold more frequent than OBI donors and more often immigrants than native Spaniards. No transfusion-transmitted HBV infections were identified during the study period, including retrospective checking of former recipients of OBI donors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936120982122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T13:53:57Z","timestamp":1608818037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Overt and occult hepatitis B among immigrants and native blood donors in Madrid, Spain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Transfusion Center, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Barea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Transfusion Center, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Arruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Transfusion Center, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Richart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Transfusion Center, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4624-5199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, Calle Almansa 101, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-833996"},{"key":"bibr2-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30014-7"},{"key":"bibr3-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316490"},{"key":"bibr4-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15057"},{"key":"bibr5-2049936120982122","first-page":"418","volume":"17","author":"Lopez-Menchero C","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"bibr6-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.09.008"},{"key":"bibr7-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.11.011"},{"key":"bibr8-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02343.x"},{"key":"bibr9-2049936120982122","first-page":"409","volume":"17","author":"Velati C","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"bibr10-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1678728"},{"key":"bibr11-2049936120982122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.034"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2049936120982122","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2049936120982122","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2049936120982122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:57:49Z","timestamp":1777593469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2049936120982122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":11,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2049936120982122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2049936120982122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9361","2049-937X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9361","type":"print"},{"value":"2049-937X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"2049936120982122"}}