{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:46:50Z","timestamp":1784933210105,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor for bacterial infections, but its role in cryptococcosis is unclear. The study aimed to determine whether uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c\u2009&gt;7%) was an independent risk factor for mortality in cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective case\u2013control study partially matched by age and gender was performed in patients tested for Cryptococcus infection at the University of Colorado Hospital from 2000 to 2019. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify mortality predictors. Cox proportional hazard model was used for survival analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 96 cases of cryptococcosis and 125 controls. Among cases, cryptococcal meningitis (49.0%) and pneumonia (36.5%) constituted most infections. Cases with pulmonary cryptococcosis with uncontrolled diabetes had a higher mortality at 10\u2009weeks (50% versus 7%, p\u2009=\u20090.006) and 1\u2009year (66.7% versus 13.8%, p\u2009=\u20090.005) compared to pulmonary cases with controlled or no diabetes. Unadjusted Cox proportional hazard model found an increased rate of death for uncontrolled diabetes at 10 weeks [hazard ratio 8.4, confidence interval (CI): 1.4\u201350.8, p\u2009=\u20090.02] and 1 year (hazard ratio 7.0, CI: 1.7\u201328.4, p\u2009=\u20090.007) among pulmonary cryptococcosis cases. Multivariable analysis showed a significantly increased odds of 10 weeks [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20094.3, CI: 1.1\u201316.5, p\u2009=\u20090.035] and 1 year (OR\u2009=\u20095.0, CI: 1.4\u201318.3, p\u2009=\u20090.014) mortality for uncontrolled diabetes among pulmonary cryptococcosis cases. After adjustment for gender, age, and case\/control, for every 1% increase in HbA1c levels, the odds of pulmonary cryptococcosis mortality at 1 year increased by 11% (OR\u2009=\u20091.6, CI 95%: 1.1\u20132.3, p\u2009=\u20090.006).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Uncontrolled diabetes is associated with worse outcomes in pulmonary cryptococcosis, including a 4-fold and 6-fold increased odds of death at 10 weeks and 1 year, respectively. Glucose control interventions should be explored to improve clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361211004367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T03:42:58Z","timestamp":1616557378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Increased mortality associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis: a single US cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Solana","family":"Archuleta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal A.","family":"Gharamti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sillau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Castellanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6669-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sindhu","family":"Chadalawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NRI General Hospital, Guntur, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Mundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Bandali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"O\u00f1ate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Chastain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"DeSanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Library, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leland","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"The Emily Foundation for Medical Research, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilan S.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8757-643X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Franco-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico, Federico G\u00f3mez, M\u00e9xico City, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7363-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s F.","family":"Henao-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B168, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20499361211004367","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 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