{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:59:51Z","timestamp":1793354391203,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lassa fever is a viral haemorrhagic fever with non-specific symptoms that has shown an upward trend in Nigeria and other West African countries, which is depicted by high incidence and case fatality in recent years. There are different reports on the yearly case burden of Lassa fever from the Federal Ministry of Health in Nigeria, through the regulatory body \u2013 Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC). Being the epicentre of the disease, Lassa fever has been exported from Nigeria to both neighbouring and distant countries.Methods: The aim of this review was to carry out a retrospective analysis from January 2015 to 26 September 2021 of the weekly and yearly outbreak of Lassa fever in Nigeria based on selected publications. The focus was on timely diagnosis, treatment option, public health interventions and progress of clinical trials for vaccine candidates, and to identify proactive measures that can be sustained to curb periodic outbreaks. The review was done using percentages, cross-tabulation and graphical charts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The predominant age group infected was 21 to 40\u2009years with a male to female ratio of 1:0.8. A total of 3311 laboratory-confirmed Lassa fever cases out of 20,588 suspected cases were identified from 29 states. Edo, Ondo, Taraba, Ebonyi, Bauchi, Plateau and Nasarawa had yearly Lassa fever incidence over the time frame considered. Contact tracing was done on over 33,804 individuals with about 90% completing follow-up. Case fatality rate within the period ranged from 9.3% to 29.2%. There is a sharp decline in the epidemiological trend of Lassa fever in the yearly seasonal peaks from weeks 1 to 13 with about 75% reduction in incidence between 2020 and 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effective management of Lassa fever needs the implementation of preventive methods, prompt laboratory diagnosis, timely treatment, provision of personal protective equipment, cross-border surveillance, contact tracing, community awareness and vector control in order to minimise spread.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361211058252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T04:43:48Z","timestamp":1638161028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Epidemiological trends of Lassa fever in Nigeria from 2015-2021: A review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1004-132X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John-Ugwuanya A.","family":"Grace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medbury Medical Services, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifunanya J.","family":"Egoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnenna","family":"Udensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, Federal Medical Centre, Abia, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2016.23.210.8923"},{"key":"bibr2-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz512"},{"key":"bibr3-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104434"},{"key":"bibr4-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2009.07.008"},{"key":"bibr5-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30306-X"},{"key":"bibr6-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.181035"},{"key":"bibr7-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0753"},{"key":"bibr8-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30299-1"},{"key":"bibr9-20499361211058252","first-page":"1","volume":"48","author":"Wogu JO","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"bibr10-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.37.179.26425"},{"key":"bibr11-20499361211058252","unstructured":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control. An update of Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria, June 2021. https:\/\/ncdc.gov.Ng\/diseases\/sitreps\/?cat=5&name=An%20update%20of%20Lassa%20fever%20outbreak%20in%20NigeriaU3 (accessed 17 June 2021)."},{"key":"bibr12-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2019.0080"},{"key":"bibr13-20499361211058252","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Disease Outbreak: Lassa fever \u2013 Nigeria. 2016, https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/lassa-fever\/outbreak\/27-may-2016-nigeria (accessed 16 November 2021)."},{"key":"bibr14-20499361211058252","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health \u2013 Nigeria. Weekly Epidemiology Report, Vol. 6: 39, 2016, https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/themes\/common\/docs\/wers\/10_1477398165.pdf (accessed 1 October 2021)."},{"key":"bibr15-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr16-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05837-x"},{"key":"bibr17-20499361211058252","unstructured":"Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Lassa fever Situation Report Epi Week 52, 2020, https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/nigeria\/ncdc-lassa-fever-situation-report-epi-week-52-21-27-december-2020 (accessed 16 November, 2021)."},{"key":"bibr18-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/ojphi.v11i1.9854"},{"key":"bibr19-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.03.010"},{"key":"bibr20-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0421-8"},{"key":"bibr21-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020353"},{"key":"bibr22-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.20.1900272"},{"key":"bibr23-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/phmj.phmj_20_17"},{"key":"bibr24-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.200084"},{"key":"bibr25-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30121-X"},{"key":"bibr26-20499361211058252","unstructured":"Balfour H. Patient dosed with first Lassa fever vaccine to reach human trials. Eur Pharm Rev 2021, https:\/\/www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com\/news\/144089\/patient-dosed-with-first-lassa-fever-vaccine-to-reach-human-trials\/ (accessed 25 June 2021)."},{"key":"bibr27-20499361211058252","unstructured":"INOVIO News Details. INOVIO announces first subject dosed in phase 1B clinical trial for its DNA vaccine against Lassa fever, INO-4500, in West Africa, 23 February 2021, https:\/\/ir.inovio.com\/news-releases\/news-releases-details\/2021\/INOVIO-Announces-First-Subject-Dosed-in-Phase-1B-Clinical-Trial-for-its-DNA-Vaccine-Against-Lassa-Fever-INO-4500-in-West-Africa\/default.aspx (accessed 16 November 2021)."},{"key":"bibr28-20499361211058252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.03.008"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20499361211058252","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20499361211058252","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20499361211058252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:58:25Z","timestamp":1777593505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20499361211058252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20499361211058252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20499361211058252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9361","2049-937X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9361","type":"print"},{"value":"2049-937X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"20499361211058252"}}