{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:33:01Z","timestamp":1777879981488,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cleaning is a major control component for outbreaks of infection. However, for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there is limited specific guidance regarding the proper disinfection methods that should be used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review of the literature on cleaning, disinfection or decontamination methods in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 27 studies were included, reporting a variety of methods with which the effectiveness of interventions were assessed. Virus was inoculated onto different types of material including masks, nasopharyngeal swabs, serum, laboratory plates and simulated saliva, tears or nasal fluid and then interventions were applied in an attempt to eliminate the virus including chemical, ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and heat and humidity. At body temperature (37\u00b0C) there is evidence that the virus will not be detectable after 2\u2009days but this can be reduced to non-detection at 30\u2009min at 56\u00b0C, 15\u2009min at 65\u00b0C and 2\u2009min at 98\u00b0C. Different experimental methods testing UV light have shown that it can inactivate the virus. Light of 254\u2013365\u2009nm has been used, including simulated sunlight. Many chemical agents including bleach, hand sanitiser, hand wash, soap, ethanol, isopropanol, guandinium thiocynate\/t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, formaldehyde, povidone-iodine, 0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.1% benzalkonium chloride, acidic electrolysed water, Clyraguard copper iodine complex and hydrogen peroxide vapour have been shown to disinfect SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heating, UV light irradiation and chemicals can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 but there is insufficient evidence to support one measure over others in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2049936121998548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T20:03:26Z","timestamp":1615925006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Methods to disinfect and decontaminate SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7047-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun Shing","family":"Kwok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Dashti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Tafuro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena-Andra","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Innovation Hub, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Hills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian D.","family":"Mallen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2049936121998548","unstructured":"Worldometer. COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/ (2020, accessed 12 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr2-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03165-9"},{"key":"bibr3-2049936121998548","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Frequently asked questions, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/faq.html (2020, accessed 12 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr4-2049936121998548","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Protect yourself, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/prevent-getting-sick\/prevention.html (2020, accessed 12 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr5-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.28.120444"},{"key":"bibr6-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.01.067769"},{"key":"bibr7-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c06565"},{"key":"bibr8-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.07.009"},{"key":"bibr9-2049936121998548","first-page":"E10","volume":"1","author":"Chin AWH","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bibr10-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.201203"},{"key":"bibr11-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.201524"},{"key":"bibr12-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.10.242206"},{"key":"bibr13-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.07.031"},{"key":"bibr14-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.216"},{"key":"bibr15-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.05.015"},{"key":"bibr16-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1796529"},{"key":"bibr17-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111702"},{"key":"bibr18-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.08.022."},{"key":"bibr19-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200915"},{"key":"bibr20-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.05.20049346"},{"key":"bibr21-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.18.103184"},{"key":"bibr22-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24651.2"},{"key":"bibr23-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2020.09.003."},{"key":"bibr24-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.08.077"},{"key":"bibr25-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.10.05.20206953"},{"key":"bibr26-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa274"},{"key":"bibr27-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.399"},{"key":"bibr28-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2020.494."},{"key":"bibr29-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.07.029"},{"key":"bibr30-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.29.20085498"},{"key":"bibr31-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.417."},{"key":"bibr32-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5928924"},{"key":"bibr33-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2020.0104"},{"key":"bibr34-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6916e1"},{"key":"bibr35-2049936121998548","unstructured":"Federal Drug Agency. FDA advises consumers not to use hand sanitizer products manufactured by Eskbiochem, https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-advises-consumers-not-use-hand-sanitizer-products-manufactured-eskbiochem (2020, accessed 12, December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr36-2049936121998548","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-020-00548-y"},{"key":"bibr37-2049936121998548","unstructured":"Timesofindia.com. This is what happens to your body when you use hand sanitizers every day, https:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/life-style\/health-fitness\/health-news\/this-is-what-happens-to-your-body-when-you-use-hand-sanitizer-every-day\/photostory\/75600580.cms?picid=75600764 (2020, accessed 12, December 2020)."}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2049936121998548","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2049936121998548","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2049936121998548","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:58:35Z","timestamp":1777593515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2049936121998548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2049936121998548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2049936121998548","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9361","2049-937X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9361","type":"print"},{"value":"2049-937X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"2049936121998548"}}