{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:33:14Z","timestamp":1777879994263,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009663","name":"University Health Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Public Health Ontario"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that manifests as three major disease phenotypes: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral. In this preliminary study, we quantified virulence factor (VF) RNA transcript expression in Leishmania species, stratified by geographic origin and propensity for specific disease phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cultured promastigotes of 19 Leishmania clinical and ATCC isolates were extracted for total cellular RNA, cDNA was reverse transcribed, and qPCR assays were performed to quantify VF RNA transcript expression for hsp23, hsp70, hsp83, hsp100, mpi, cpb, and gp63.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparison of visceralizing species (Leishmania donovani, Leishmania chagasi, and Leishmania infantum) versus non-visceralizing species [Leishmania (Viannia) spp., Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, and Leishmania amazonensis] revealed a significantly greater pooled transcript expression for visceralizing species (p\u2009=\u20090.0032). Similarly, Old World species demonstrated significantly higher VF RNA transcript expression than New World species (p\u2009=\u20090.0015). On a per-gene basis, species with a propensity to visceralize ubiquitously expressed higher levels of gp63 (p\u2009=\u20090.005), cpb (p\u2009=\u20090.0032), mpi (p\u2009=\u20090.0032), hsp23 (p\u2009=\u20090.0039), hsp70 (p\u2009=\u20090.0032), hsp83 (p\u2009=\u20090.0032), and hsp100 (p\u2009=\u20090.0032).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we provide quantitative, preliminary evidence of elevated VF RNA transcript expression driven largely by the visceralizing causative species of Leishmania. This work highlights the extensive heterogeneity in pathogenicity mechanisms between Leishmania species, which may partly underpin the fatal progression of visceral leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361221102665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T01:54:41Z","timestamp":1653875681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated baseline expression of seven virulence factor RNA transcripts in visceralizing species of\n                    <i>Leishmania<\/i>\n                    : a preliminary quantitative PCR study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Avinash Naraiah","family":"Mukkala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruwandi","family":"Kariyawasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Precision Laboratories-Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Braulio M.","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Llanos-Cuentas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2720-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Boggild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Room 13EN-218, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8"},{"key":"bibr2-20499361221102665","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis, fact sheet, https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis (2021, accessed 20 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr3-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.07.016"},{"key":"bibr4-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005889"},{"key":"bibr5-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-015-0422-1"},{"key":"bibr6-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2016.07.013"},{"key":"bibr7-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0153-x"},{"key":"bibr8-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.157297"},{"key":"bibr9-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/301326"},{"key":"bibr10-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.11.6488"},{"key":"bibr11-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12240"},{"key":"bibr12-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005658"},{"key":"bibr13-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2004.06.010"},{"key":"bibr14-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-160"},{"key":"bibr15-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.05.014"},{"key":"bibr16-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009226200"},{"key":"bibr17-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003053"},{"key":"bibr18-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2004.11.002"},{"key":"bibr19-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002914"},{"key":"bibr20-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.583"},{"key":"bibr21-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00093-2"},{"key":"bibr22-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01177-11"},{"key":"bibr23-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73"},{"key":"bibr24-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.04.021"},{"key":"bibr25-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000476"},{"key":"bibr26-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.04.011"},{"key":"bibr27-20499361221102665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00017"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20499361221102665","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20499361221102665","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20499361221102665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:58:49Z","timestamp":1777593529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20499361221102665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20499361221102665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20499361221102665","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9361","2049-937X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9361","type":"print"},{"value":"2049-937X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"article-number":"20499361221102665"}}