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Established risk factors for the incidence of LOD include maternal GBS colonisation, young maternal age, preterm birth, HIV exposure and African ethnicity. The mucosal colonisation by GBS may be acquired perinatally or in the postpartum period from maternal or other sources. Growing evidence has demonstrated the predominant role of maternal sources in the transmission of LOD. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) to prevent early-onset disease reduces neonatal GBS colonisation during delivery; however, a significant proportion of IAP-exposed neonates born to GBS-carrier mothers acquire the pathogen at mucosal sites in the first weeks of life. GBS-infected breast milk, with or without presence of mastitis, is considered a potential vehicle for transmitting GBS. Furthermore, horizontal transmission is possible from nosocomial and other community sources. Although unfrequently reported, nosocomial transmission of GBS in the neonatal intensive care unit is probably less rare than is usually believed. GBS disease can sometime recur and is usually caused by the same GBS serotype that caused the primary infection. This review aims to discuss the dynamics of transmission of GBS in the neonatal LOD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361221142732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T04:39:22Z","timestamp":1671597562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Transmission of Group B Streptococcus in late-onset neonatal disease: a narrative review of current evidence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5991-8949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Miselli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Frabboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Post-Graduate School, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Post-Graduate School, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isotta","family":"Zinani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Post-Graduate School, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Buttera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Post-Graduate School, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Insalaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Post-Graduate School, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Stefanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Post-Graduate School, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Licia","family":"Lugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3534-7499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Berardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Policlinico University Hospital, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20499361221142732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-1881"},{"key":"bibr2-20499361221142732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4826"},{"key":"bibr3-20499361221142732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix656"},{"key":"bibr4-20499361221142732","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.03.024"},{"key":"bibr5-20499361221142732","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. 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