{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:33:37Z","timestamp":1777880017276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Clinician Scientist Salary Support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Clinician Scientist Salary Support"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009663","name":"University Health Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Clinician Scientist Salary Support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Clinician Scientist Salary Support"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Public Health Ontario","award":["Internal laboratory funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internal laboratory funding"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to lower intensity of infection and greater intervals from last exposure, parasitologic detection methods for schistosomiasis are poorly sensitive in non-endemic areas, challenging accurate diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated parasitologic versus indirect detection methods for schistosomiasis. We included specimens submitted for Schistosoma serology, and stool for ova and parasite microscopy. Three real-time PCR assays targeting Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium were performed. Primary outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), where both microscopy and serology were the composite reference standard against serum PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 8168 serum specimens submitted for Schistosoma serology, 638 (7.8%) were reactive and 6705 (82.1%) were non-reactive. Of 156,771 stool specimens submitted for ova and parasite testing, 46 (0.03%) were positive for eggs of S. mansoni. Four (0.5%) urine specimens were positive for eggs of S. haematobium. Combined serum PCRs targeting S. mansoni had a sensitivity and specificity of 27.8% (95% CI\u2009=\u200918.3\u201339.1%) and 100% (95% CI\u2009=\u200983.9\u2013100%), respectively, with PPV of 100% (95% CI\u2009=\u2009100%) and NPV of 26.9% (95% CI\u2009=\u200924.3\u201329.7%). The one serum sample positive for S. haematobium was also detectable by our S. haematobium PCR. No cross-reactivity was observed for all three PCR assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although serology is highly sensitive, parasitologic tests signify active infection, but are limited by low population-level sensitivity, particularly in non-endemic settings. Although serum PCR offered no performance advantage over stool microscopy, its role in diagnostic parasitology should be pursued due to its high-throughput and operator-independent nature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361231173843","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T06:28:08Z","timestamp":1684477688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Performance characteristics of diagnostic assays for schistosomiasis in Ontario, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Makhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osaru","family":"Omoruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Lecce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlou","family":"Cunanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Ralevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karamjit","family":"Cheema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2720-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Boggild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Disease Unit, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5R 2C4"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012396"},{"key":"bibr2-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2"},{"key":"bibr3-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-016-0019-8"},{"key":"bibr4-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.10.019"},{"key":"bibr5-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090313"},{"key":"bibr6-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00137-14"},{"key":"bibr7-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004985"},{"key":"bibr8-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-018-0063-7"},{"key":"bibr9-20499361231173843","first-page":"24","author":"Mazzitelli M","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"bibr10-20499361231173843","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis (accessed 28 July 2022)."},{"key":"bibr11-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000485"},{"key":"bibr12-20499361231173843","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control Prevention. Parasites \u2013 schistosomiasis, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/schistosomiasis\/disease.html (2019, accessed 28 July 2022)."},{"key":"bibr13-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000422"},{"key":"bibr14-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341895"},{"key":"bibr15-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0440-5"},{"key":"bibr16-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0558-4"},{"key":"bibr17-20499361231173843","volume-title":"Selection and use of laboratory procedures for diagnosis of parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract","author":"Garcia LS","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr18-20499361231173843","unstructured":"Public Health Ontario. Schistosoma \u2013 serology, https:\/\/www.publichealthontario.ca\/en\/Laboratory-Services\/Test-Information-Index\/Schistosoma-Serology (accessed 13 August 2019)."},{"key":"bibr19-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002413"},{"key":"bibr20-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2016.10.011"},{"key":"bibr21-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0646"},{"key":"bibr22-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2016.12.003"},{"key":"bibr23-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0443-2"},{"key":"bibr24-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-018-0064-6"},{"key":"bibr25-20499361231173843","first-page":"23","volume":"2018","author":"Buonfrate D","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"bibr26-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01637-14"},{"key":"bibr27-20499361231173843","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.101971"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20499361231173843","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20499361231173843","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20499361231173843","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:59:27Z","timestamp":1777593567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20499361231173843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20499361231173843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20499361231173843","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9361","2049-937X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9361","type":"print"},{"value":"2049-937X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"article-number":"20499361231173843"}}