{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:42:00Z","timestamp":1777880520301,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the association between the route of drug administration and being hospitalized for infective endocarditis among 4817 treatment-seeking illicit drug users in Finland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cox regression models were used to examine the association between the route of drug administration and infective endocarditis hospitalization, adjusted for age, gender, and homelessness. Cases of infective endocarditis as a primary\/main diagnosis were tracked using the 10th version of the International Classification of Disease code I33.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In all, 47 persons had a primary diagnosis of infective endocarditis. These 47 persons contributed a total of 95 hospitalizations and their total length of hospital stay was 1393\u2009days. There was a statistically significant difference in hospitalizations between injectors and non-injectors (Log-Rank test p\u2009=\u20090.018). Univariate Cox model showed that injectors had higher hazard or risk for infective endocarditis hospitalization compared to non-injectors (hazard ratio: 2.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.12\u20133.73, p\u2009=\u20090.020). After adjusting for age, gender, and homelessness in the multivariate model, the elevated hazard among injectors compared to non-injectors remained statistically significant with adjusted hazard ratio of 2.12 (95% confidence interval: 1.11\u20134.07, p\u2009=\u20090.024).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study findings suggested a need to boost harm reduction measures targeting high-risk injecting and other health behaviors among injecting drug users in order to reduce their hospitalizations for infective endocarditis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312117740987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T02:25:24Z","timestamp":1513391124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between route of illicit drug administration and hospitalizations for infective endocarditis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Olubunmi","family":"Olubamwo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma N","family":"Onyeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Aregbesola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimmo","family":"Ronkainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Tiihonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaana","family":"F\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helsinki Deaconess Institute, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Kauhanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2050312117740987","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-119-10-199311150-00009"},{"key":"bibr2-2050312117740987","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511543791"},{"key":"bibr3-2050312117740987","first-page":"374","author":"Ruiz P","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins"},{"key":"bibr4-2050312117740987","unstructured":"Ries RK, Fiellin DA, Miller SC, et al. 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