{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T17:25:33Z","timestamp":1787678733507,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sea cucumbers are considered among the most important functional foods. Following bioassay guided fractionation, we assessed the anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities of Holothuria polii ( H. polii) extracts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sea cucumber ethanolic extract and the partially purified aqueous fractions were assessed for their anti-proliferative activities. These latter bioactivities were evaluated in the highly invasive MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures using trypan blue exclusion assay. The tumor-suppressive effects of sea cucumber ethanolic extract and aqueous fractions were assayed by measuring the trans-well invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells and the expression of some epithelial mesenchymal transition markers using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous fraction was tested by measuring the secreted levels of interleukin-6, nitric oxide, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in endotoxin-induced mammary epithelial SCp2 cells and interleukin-1\u03b2 in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-activated human monocytic THP-1 cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sea cucumber ethanolic extract and the aqueous fraction significantly decreased the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells by more than 50% at similar and noncytotoxic concentrations and caused an arrest in the S-phase of the cell cycle of treated cells. In contrast, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol organic fractions did not show any significant activity. Furthermore, sea cucumber ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction reduced the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in three-dimensional cultures by more than 60% at noncytotoxic concentrations. In addition, treatment with these concentrations resulted in the loss of stellate outgrowths in favor of spherical aggregates and a 30% decrease in invasive properties. Both sea cucumber ethanolic extract and aqueous decreased the transcription of vimentin and the protein expression levels of vimentin and N-cadherin in three-dimensional cultures. The aqueous fraction decreased the levels of inflammatory markers interleukin-6, nitric oxide, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in the mouse mammary SCp2 cells, and the level of interleukin-1\u03b2 produced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-activated THP-1 human monocytic cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data reveal for the first time promising anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities in H. polii water extract in two-dimensional and three-dimensional culture models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312118809541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]],"date-time":"2018-11-02T07:22:25Z","timestamp":1541143345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities of the sea cucumber\n                    <i>Holothuria polii<\/i>\n                    aqueous extract"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mike","family":"Kareh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"El Nahas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamis","family":"Al-Aaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Al-Ghadban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataly","family":"Naser Al Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najat","family":"Saliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"El-Sabban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1544-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabih","family":"Talhouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"},{"name":"Nature Conservation Center, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16119665"},{"key":"bibr2-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001813-200404000-00003"},{"key":"bibr3-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2487"},{"key":"bibr4-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12097"},{"key":"bibr5-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60070-6"},{"key":"bibr6-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207782360555"},{"key":"bibr7-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.12.8.1367"},{"key":"bibr8-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867043364982"},{"key":"bibr9-2050312118809541","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-1534"},{"key":"bibr10-2050312118809541","unstructured":"Paulay G. 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