{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:43:34Z","timestamp":1777880614123,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sandra Rotman Endowed Chair in Social Work at the University of Toronto"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes is a prevalent and serious public health problem, particularly among older adults. A robust literature has shown that adverse childhood experiences contribute to the development of health problems in later life, including diabetes. Family member incarceration during childhood is an under-investigated yet increasingly common adverse childhood experience in the United States. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between family member incarceration during childhood and diabetes in adulthood, while considering the role of gender as well as the impact of a range of potential confounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A large representative community sample of adults aged 40 and older (n\u2009=\u20098790 men, 14,255 women) was drawn from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2012 optional adverse childhood experiences module to investigate the association between family member incarceration during childhood and diabetes. For each gender, nine logistic regression analyses were conducted using distinct clusters of variables (e.g. socioeconomic status and health behaviors).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among males, the odds of diabetes among those exposed to family member incarceration during childhood ranged from 2.00 to 1.59. In the fully adjusted model, they had elevated odds of 1.64 (95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.27, 2.11). Among women, the odds of diabetes was much lower, hovering around 1.00.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that family member incarceration during childhood is associated with diabetes in men, even after adjusting for a wide range of potential risk factors (e.g. sociodemographics, health behaviors, healthcare access, and childhood risk factors). Future research should explore the mechanisms linking family member incarceration during childhood and long-term negative health outcomes in men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120905165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T07:52:28Z","timestamp":1580889148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Is exposure to family member incarceration during childhood linked to diabetes in adulthood? Findings from a representative community sample"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7477-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley A","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Youth Development and Intervention, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3324-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keri J","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9705-6216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esme","family":"Fuller-Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Life Course and Aging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1296"},{"key":"bibr2-2050312120905165","unstructured":"Brutsaert EF. Diabetes mellitus. Merck Manuals Professional Edition, http:\/\/www.merckmanuals.com\/professional\/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders\/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism\/diabetes-mellitus-dm (accessed 23 February 2018)."},{"key":"bibr3-2050312120905165","volume-title":"National diabetes statistics report, 2014: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr4-2050312120905165","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Gorina Y","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aging Trends"},{"key":"bibr5-2050312120905165","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Number of Americans with diabetes projected to double or triple by 2050, https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/pressrel\/2010\/r101022.html (accessed 23 February 2018)."},{"key":"bibr6-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2625"},{"key":"bibr7-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"bibr8-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2015.12.006"},{"key":"bibr9-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000551"},{"key":"bibr10-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.08.019"},{"key":"bibr11-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1102385"},{"key":"bibr12-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e513862010-001"},{"key":"bibr13-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027505285849"},{"key":"bibr14-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0627"},{"key":"bibr15-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610362104"},{"key":"bibr16-2050312120905165","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The implications for training of embracing: a life course approach to Health, 2000, http:\/\/www.who.int\/ageing\/publications\/lifecourse\/alc_lifecourse_training_en.pdf"},{"key":"bibr17-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.016"},{"key":"bibr18-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08107.x"},{"key":"bibr19-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2925"},{"key":"bibr20-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485"},{"key":"bibr21-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4720"},{"key":"bibr22-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141121525"},{"key":"bibr23-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.06.003"},{"key":"bibr24-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.06.001"},{"key":"bibr25-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.11.004"},{"key":"bibr26-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009"},{"key":"bibr27-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2015.112"},{"key":"bibr28-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.489088"},{"key":"bibr29-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X08316273"},{"key":"bibr30-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2010.0055"},{"key":"bibr31-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692108"},{"key":"bibr32-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860600641200"},{"key":"bibr33-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd10.120281"},{"key":"bibr34-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2014.0112"},{"issue":"49","key":"bibr35-2050312120905165","first-page":"1609","volume":"59","author":"Bynum L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr36-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559513477914"},{"key":"bibr37-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.3.173"},{"key":"bibr38-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys091"},{"key":"bibr39-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-4314"},{"key":"bibr40-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2012.36.6.399"},{"key":"bibr41-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514544173"},{"key":"bibr42-2050312120905165","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About diabetes: who\u2019s at risk? https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/basics\/risk-factors.html (accessed 23 February 2018)."},{"key":"bibr43-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-003-1038-4"},{"key":"bibr44-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.356"},{"key":"bibr45-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.2010.0006"},{"key":"bibr46-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512462400"},{"key":"bibr47-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2403"},{"key":"bibr48-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199307000-00002"},{"key":"bibr49-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tsq.12107"},{"key":"bibr50-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.037606"},{"key":"bibr51-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106720"},{"key":"bibr52-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-261"},{"key":"bibr53-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/762012"},{"key":"bibr54-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0257"},{"key":"bibr55-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0081"},{"key":"bibr56-2050312120905165","volume-title":"Behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey questionnaire","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr57-2050312120905165","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burden of cigarette use in the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/campaign\/tips\/resources\/data\/cigarette-smoking-in-united-states.html (accessed 16 September 2019)."},{"key":"bibr58-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(96)00018-9"},{"key":"bibr59-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.04.005"},{"key":"bibr60-2050312120905165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716208331123"},{"key":"bibr61-2050312120905165","unstructured":"The Center for Health and Justice at TASC. No entry: a National Survey of Criminal Justice diversion programs and initiatives. Chicago, IL, 2013, https:\/\/csgjusticecenter.org\/nrrc\/publications\/no-entry-a-national-survey-of-criminal-justice-diversion-programs\/"},{"key":"bibr62-2050312120905165","unstructured":"Washington Lawyers\u2019 Committee for Civil Rights & Urban Affairs. D.C. women in prison: continuing problems and recommendations for change. Washington, DC, 2016, http:\/\/www.washlaw.org\/pdf\/dc_women_in_prison_report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr63-2050312120905165","unstructured":"Sawyer W. The gender divide: tracking women\u2019s state prison growth, https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/women_overtime.html (accessed 17 September 2019)."},{"key":"bibr64-2050312120905165","unstructured":"Rabuy B, Kopf D. Separation by bars and miles: visitation in state prisons\u2014prison policy initiative, https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/prisonvisits.html (accessed 17 September 2019)."}],"container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2050312120905165","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2050312120905165","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2050312120905165","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:16:57Z","timestamp":1777594617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2050312120905165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2050312120905165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050312120905165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-3121","2050-3121"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-3121","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-3121","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"2050312120905165"}}