{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:44:47Z","timestamp":1777880687847,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With an increased interest in youth sports, the burden of overhead throwing elbow injuries accompanying early single-sport focus has steadily risen. During the overhead throwing motion, valgus torque can reach and surpass Newton meters (N\u2009m) during the late cocking and early acceleration phases, which exceeds the tensile strength (22.7\u201333\u2009N\u2009m) of the ulnar collateral ligament. While the ulnar collateral ligament serves as the primary valgus stabilizer between and degrees of elbow flexion, other structures about the elbow must contribute to stability during throwing. Depending on an athlete\u2019s stage of skeletal maturity, certain patterns of injury are observed with mechanical failures resulting from increased medial laxity, lateral-sided compression, and posterior extension shearing forces. Together, these injury patterns represent a wide range of conditions that arise from valgus extension overload. The purpose of this article is to review common pathologies observed in the adolescent overhead throwing athlete in the context of functional anatomy, osseous development, and throwing mechanics. Operative and non-operative management and their associated outcomes will be discussed for these injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211003362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T11:28:07Z","timestamp":1619090887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation and management of elbow injuries in the adolescent overhead athlete"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2073-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin M","family":"Looney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo D","family":"Rigor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1313-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blake M","family":"Bodendorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3796"},{"key":"bibr2-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384224"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr3-20503121211003362","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Saper M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"bibr4-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967116644241"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00888"},{"key":"bibr6-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657600400501"},{"key":"bibr7-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657600400502"},{"key":"bibr8-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0095399703258674"},{"key":"bibr9-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200111000-00002"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr10-20503121211003362","first-page":"183","volume":"42","author":"Dick R","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"bibr11-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199801000-00003"},{"key":"bibr12-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218"},{"key":"bibr13-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.17.6.274"},{"key":"bibr14-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.02.2013.06"},{"key":"bibr15-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310030201"},{"key":"bibr16-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00127-X"},{"key":"bibr17-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506289340"},{"key":"bibr18-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000998"},{"key":"bibr19-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232150-00004"},{"key":"bibr20-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200505000-00004"},{"key":"bibr21-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.134.5.971"},{"key":"bibr22-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199826030-00005"},{"key":"bibr23-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198001000-00007"},{"key":"bibr24-20503121211003362","first-page":"59","volume":"35","author":"Morrey BF.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"bibr25-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.11.009"},{"key":"bibr26-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(98)90021-0"},{"key":"bibr27-20503121211003362","first-page":"203","volume":"175","author":"Fuss FK.","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"bibr28-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2014.03.007"},{"key":"bibr29-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738115607208"},{"key":"bibr30-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-014-3482-7"},{"key":"bibr31-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199708000-00015"},{"key":"bibr32-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198001000-00007","volume":"146","author":"Schwab GH","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"bibr33-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-013-1168-3"},{"key":"bibr34-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200410000-00020"},{"key":"bibr35-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0725-7"},{"key":"bibr36-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00130911-200312000-00008"},{"key":"bibr37-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.025437"},{"key":"bibr38-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-008-1078-4"},{"key":"bibr39-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198204000-00009"},{"key":"bibr40-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.11.036"},{"key":"bibr41-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738110362656"},{"key":"bibr42-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(09)80011-6"},{"key":"bibr43-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.01.013"},{"key":"bibr44-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-199409000-00004"},{"key":"bibr45-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200103000-00004"},{"key":"bibr46-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300220"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr47-20503121211003362","first-page":"48","volume":"64","author":"Slocum DB.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Tex Med"},{"key":"bibr48-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197153020-00018"},{"key":"bibr49-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.05.004"},{"key":"bibr50-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514536843"},{"key":"bibr51-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200407000-00005"},{"key":"bibr52-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.01135"},{"key":"bibr53-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2017.11.013"},{"key":"bibr54-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511428869"},{"key":"bibr55-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20180726"},{"key":"bibr56-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507312168"},{"key":"bibr57-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-005-0899-6"},{"key":"bibr58-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-018-9457-4"},{"key":"bibr59-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514532604"},{"key":"bibr60-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.04.007"},{"key":"bibr61-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200706000-00007"},{"key":"bibr62-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-016-9342-y"},{"key":"bibr63-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-019-09528-8"},{"key":"bibr64-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000575"},{"key":"bibr65-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517704842"},{"key":"bibr66-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2016.01.030"},{"key":"bibr67-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-3768-3"},{"key":"bibr68-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901602400113"},{"key":"bibr69-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515570871"},{"key":"bibr70-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-0945-3"},{"key":"bibr71-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19980401-10"},{"key":"bibr72-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e31824afeb8"},{"key":"bibr73-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.030056"},{"key":"bibr74-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181c3be83"},{"key":"bibr75-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.123900"},{"key":"bibr76-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000308"},{"key":"bibr77-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eats.2017.04.007"},{"key":"bibr78-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2013.03.008"},{"key":"bibr79-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516648644"},{"key":"bibr80-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505282620"},{"key":"bibr81-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.09.003"},{"key":"bibr82-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509360405"},{"key":"bibr83-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.01.046"},{"key":"bibr84-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.03.014"},{"key":"bibr85-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.06.047"},{"key":"bibr86-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658501300103"},{"key":"bibr87-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260040801"},{"key":"bibr88-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300040401"},{"key":"bibr89-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2010.03.008"},{"key":"bibr90-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2012.53.40"},{"key":"bibr91-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512458765"},{"key":"bibr92-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.05.024"},{"key":"bibr93-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300051501"},{"key":"bibr94-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/2000-1967-232"},{"key":"bibr95-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516658038"},{"key":"bibr96-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000160025.14363.f9"},{"key":"bibr97-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.H.01266"},{"key":"bibr98-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509341793"},{"key":"bibr99-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00228"},{"key":"bibr100-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514538759"},{"key":"bibr101-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2001.20096"},{"key":"bibr102-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.04.024"},{"key":"bibr103-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015497"},{"key":"bibr104-20503121211003362","unstructured":"Smithuis R. The radiology assistant: MRI examination. Radiologyassistant.nl, https:\/\/radiologyassistant.nl\/musculoskeletal\/elbow\/mri-examination#anatomy-and-pitfalls-plica (accessed 17 February 2021)."},{"key":"bibr105-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.06.003"},{"key":"bibr106-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658301100206"},{"key":"bibr107-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2000.8953"},{"key":"bibr108-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300406"},{"key":"bibr109-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.09.007"},{"key":"bibr110-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514528099"},{"key":"bibr111-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.09.019"},{"key":"bibr112-20503121211003362","first-page":"144","volume":"45","author":"Paulino FE","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"bibr113-20503121211003362","first-page":"191","volume":"60","author":"Ahmad CS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"bibr114-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-005-5124-6"},{"key":"bibr115-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.06.053"},{"key":"bibr116-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509342677"},{"key":"bibr117-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738112455006"},{"key":"bibr118-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2555-4-49"},{"key":"bibr119-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512469089"},{"key":"bibr120-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025760"},{"key":"bibr121-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(05)80070-9"},{"key":"bibr122-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2003.12"},{"key":"bibr123-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465281802"},{"key":"bibr124-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760070036"},{"key":"bibr125-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(97)80004-3"},{"key":"bibr126-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0622-0"},{"key":"bibr127-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511422796"},{"key":"bibr128-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.121481"},{"key":"bibr129-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318279c673"},{"key":"bibr130-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01637"},{"key":"bibr131-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.04.038"},{"key":"bibr132-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513480797"},{"key":"bibr133-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000666","volume":"30","author":"Axibal DP","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"bibr134-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658100900103"},{"key":"bibr135-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(95)80048-4"},{"key":"bibr136-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2014.06.012"},{"key":"bibr137-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2005.07.001"},{"key":"bibr138-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504267804"},{"key":"bibr139-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659402200105"},{"key":"bibr140-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310032601"},{"key":"bibr141-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465030310042601"},{"key":"bibr142-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.3.9057537"},{"key":"bibr143-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513509051"},{"key":"bibr144-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518765139"},{"key":"bibr145-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.17.00138"},{"key":"bibr146-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546508319053"},{"key":"bibr147-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520921160"},{"key":"bibr148-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198668080-00004"},{"key":"bibr149-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400503"},{"key":"bibr150-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.112881"},{"key":"bibr151-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518803771"},{"key":"bibr152-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118755991"},{"key":"bibr153-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-227113"},{"key":"bibr154-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8215"},{"key":"bibr155-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280011401"},{"key":"bibr156-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262166"},{"key":"bibr157-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510378100"},{"key":"bibr158-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512446927"},{"key":"bibr159-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514528870"},{"key":"bibr160-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2014.6.2.190"},{"key":"bibr161-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.01.020"},{"key":"bibr162-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515621756"},{"key":"bibr163-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300041401"},{"key":"bibr164-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2006.07.024"},{"key":"bibr165-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506290988"},{"key":"bibr166-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.01.005"},{"key":"bibr167-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511422350"},{"key":"bibr168-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513507695"},{"key":"bibr169-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118S00084"},{"key":"bibr170-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2006.047456"},{"key":"bibr171-20503121211003362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B4.2071645"}],"container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20503121211003362","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20503121211003362","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20503121211003362","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:19:09Z","timestamp":1777594749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20503121211003362"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":171,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20503121211003362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20503121211003362","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-3121","2050-3121"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-3121","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-3121","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"20503121211003362"}}