{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:44:59Z","timestamp":1777880699309,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diltiazem is a preferred agent for rate control in atrial fibrillation due to its quick onset, minimal side effects, and low cost. Due to its intermittent national shortage since February 2018, the utilization of intravenous metoprolol and verapamil has increased. This study investigated the effect of intravenous diltiazem, metoprolol, and verapamil on rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a retrospective, single-center, cohort study conducted in patients with acute atrial fibrillation receiving intravenous diltiazem, metoprolol, or verapamil for rapid ventricular rate between 1 January 2012 and 31 August 2018. The primary outcome was the incidence of patients who achieved a rate less than 100\u2009bpm within 1\u2009h of treatment. Secondary outcomes included time to achieve rate control, heart rate at 30\u2009min and 1\u2009h after administration, bradycardia and hypotension incidence, the requirement of other rate control agent(s), inpatient admission, length of stay, and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 73 patients were included in the study. At 1\u2009h after receiving the initial rate control drug, there was no statistically significant difference between diltiazem, metoprolol, and verapamil in achieving rate control. Median time to ventricular rate control was 166\u2009min in the diltiazem group, 297\u2009min in the metoprolol group, and 100.5\u2009min in the verapamil group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no difference in achieving rate control when using intravenous diltiazem, metoprolol, or verapamil. Any of the three rate control agents may be used for rate control. However, further studies are needed to determine which agent is superior for rate control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211017756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T03:05:12Z","timestamp":1621911912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Rate control with intravenous diltiazem, verapamil, and metoprolol in acute atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tia","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hendrick Medical Center, Abilene, TX, USA"},{"name":"Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vi","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hendrick Medical Center, Abilene, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mhd Hasan","family":"Almekdash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohali","family":"Keesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7677-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young R","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hendrick Medical Center, Abilene, TX, USA"},{"name":"Jerry H. 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