{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:45:23Z","timestamp":1777880723015,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antithrombotic agents are the basic therapeutic option for patients with arterial thrombosis who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In Bangladesh, aspirin and clopidogrel are frequently prescribed as antithrombotics or platelet inhibitors. Studies reported the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*17, and ITGB3 cause an alteration of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of aspirin and clopidogrel. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence of CYP2C19*2, CYP2C19*17, and ITGB3 polymorphisms among Bangladeshi patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) who underwent PCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here we assessed a total of 1,000 CVD patients (male 782 and female 218) who underwent PCI and were treated with clopidogrel and\/or aspirin. We performed genotyping of patients treated with clopidogrel and aspirin by polymerase chain reaction\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR (T-ARMS-PCR) methods. The PCR products of clopidogrel-treated patients were screened with agarose gel electrophoresis and then digested with SmaI and NsiI-HF for CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17, respectively. We genotyped aspirin-treated patients with T-ARMS-PCR for missense rs5918 (PlA1\/A1) polymorphism of the ITGB3 gene. Then we ran the digested PCR products on 2% agarose gel electrophoresis to detect the mentioned polymorphisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the clopidogrel-treated patients, we observed 64.1% polymorphism (hetero + mutant) of CYP2C19*2 (loss-of-function allele) and 22.7% (hetero + mutant) of CYP2C19*17 (gain-of-function allele). On the other hand, among the aspirin-treated patients, polymorphisms of ITGB3 were 84.1% homozygous (PlA1\/A1), 15.6% heterozygous (PlA1\/A2), and 0.3% mutant homozygous.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the present study, we observed a high prevalence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and ITGB3 genes. Therefore, we recommend genotyping of CVD patients before prescribing clopidogrel or aspirin to prevent coagulation. Based on the genotyping study, the adjustment of doses or alternative generics might require to avoid therapeutic failure or toxicity in some cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211042209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T05:55:01Z","timestamp":1629957301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of CYP2C19 and ITGB3 polymorphisms among Bangladeshi patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2820-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Rabiul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tasnova Tasnim","family":"Nova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NAM","family":"Momenuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, United Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sikder Nahidul Islam","family":"Rabbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Labaid Limited (Diagnostic), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ishrat","family":"Jahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Labaid Limited (Diagnostic), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HLA Laboratory of the Stefan-Morsch-Fondation (SMS), Birkenfeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4924-5319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Safiqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and TechnologyUniversity, Noakhali, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abul","family":"Hasnat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zabun","family":"Nahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Labaid Limited (Diagnostic), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121211042209","unstructured":"Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142011 update: a report from the American Heart Association [published correction appears in Circulation. 2011; 123(6): e240] [published correction appears in Circulation. 2011; 124(16): e426]. Circulation 2011; 123(4): e18\u2013e209."},{"key":"bibr2-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/374549"},{"key":"bibr3-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2013.09.020","volume":"25","author":"Spiliopoulos S","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"bibr4-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.04.010"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000367988"},{"key":"bibr6-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1880"},{"key":"bibr7-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm8010008"},{"key":"bibr8-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12318"},{"key":"bibr9-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2011.111"},{"key":"bibr10-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12230"},{"key":"bibr11-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809171"},{"key":"bibr12-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808227"},{"key":"bibr13-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2012.04639.x"},{"key":"bibr14-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7329.71"},{"key":"bibr15-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001204000128"},{"key":"bibr16-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2005.02.041"},{"key":"bibr17-20503121211042209","first-page":"313","volume":"35","author":"Ferguson AD","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tex Heart Inst J"},{"key":"bibr18-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.10.007"},{"key":"bibr19-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.06.039"},{"key":"bibr20-20503121211042209","unstructured":"Dean L. Clopidogrel therapy and\n                      CYP2C19\n                      genotype. In: Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, et al. (eds) Medical genetics summaries. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (US), 2012. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK84114\/"},{"key":"bibr21-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706482"},{"key":"bibr22-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12390"},{"key":"bibr23-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.105"},{"key":"bibr24-20503121211042209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar.43.4.207"},{"key":"bibr25-20503121211042209","unstructured":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Amended by the 64th WMA General Assembly, Fortaleza, Brazil, https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects\/"},{"key":"bibr26-20503121211042209","unstructured":"Sacace Biotechnologies. 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