{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:25:36Z","timestamp":1787243136422,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Hospital Organization"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023368","name":"Eisai Co., Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002491","name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008373","name":"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Merck Sharp and Dohme Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009015","name":"Abbott Japan Co., Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010795","name":"Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010795","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Teijin Pharma Limited"},{"name":"Astellas Pharma Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010793","name":"Pfizer Japan Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Mitsuibishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causes coronavirus disease 2019. A serological test is conducted to determine prior infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We investigated whether the results of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibody tests are modified in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients in Japan with rheumatoid arthritis were recruited at Sagamihara Hospital from July 2014 to October 2015 ( n\u2009=\u200938; 2014 cohort) and at Tokyo Hospital from June to October 2020 ( n\u2009=\u200993; 2020 cohort). Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay or immunochromatographic assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies were not detected in any of the samples from rheumatoid arthritis patients tested by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies were detected by immunochromatographic assay in the 3 (7.9%) serum samples in the 2014 cohort and 15 (16.1%) serum samples in the 2020 cohort. The IgM rheumatoid factor levels were increased in rheumatoid arthritis patients with IgM anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies detected by immunochromatographic assay (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation (IU\/ml), 1223.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091308.7 versus 503.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091947.2; P\u2009=\u20090.0101). The levels of IgG rheumatoid factor were also upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis patients with IgM anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies detected by immunochromatographic assay (4.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.7 versus 2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9; P\u2009=\u20090.0013).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of IgM anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibody testing by immunochromatographic assay are modified by IgM or IgG rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221088090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]],"date-time":"2022-03-23T07:45:10Z","timestamp":1648021510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["False-positive detection of IgM anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Possible effects of IgM or IgG rheumatoid factors on immunochromatographic assay results"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shomi","family":"Oka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Ushiku Aiwa General Hospital, Ushiku, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-8056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatic Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Fuchu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sagami Seikyou Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeto","family":"Tohma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Kiyose, Japan"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"bibr2-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"bibr3-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26341"},{"key":"bibr4-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00375-20"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.09.002"},{"key":"bibr6-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfaa134"},{"key":"bibr7-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30128-4"},{"key":"bibr8-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302"},{"key":"bibr9-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27584"},{"key":"bibr10-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(90)90005-M"},{"key":"bibr11-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.46.1.65"},{"key":"bibr12-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2011.06.030"},{"key":"bibr13-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trx024"},{"key":"bibr14-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-263"},{"key":"bibr15-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(91)90381-O"},{"key":"bibr16-20503121221088090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(84)90079-X"}],"container-title":["SAGE 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