{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:33:50Z","timestamp":1792802030333,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u201cNosocomial infections\u201d or \u201chealthcare-associated infections\u201d are a significant public health problem around the world. This study aimed to assess the rate of laboratory-confirmed healthcare-associated infections, frequency of nosocomial pathogens, and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates in a University Hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective evaluation of healthcare-associated infections in a University Hospital, between the years 2015 and 2019 in Tekirdag, Turkey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the 5\u2009years, the incidence densities of healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units and clinics were 10.31 and 1.70\/1000 patient-days, respectively. The rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia, central line\u2013associated bloodstream infections, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units were 11.57, 4.02, and 1.99 per 1000 device-days, respectively. The most common healthcare-associated infections according to the primary sites were bloodstream infections (55.3%) and pneumonia (20.4%). 67.5% of the isolated microorganisms as nosocomial agents were Gram-negative bacteria, 24.9% of Gram-positive bacteria, and 7.6% of Candida. The most frequently isolated causative agents were Escherichia coli (16.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.7%). The rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production among E. coli isolates was 51.1%. Carbapenem resistance was 29.8% among isolates of P. aeruginosa, 95.1% among isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, and 18.2% among isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Colistin resistance was 2.4% among isolates of A. baumannii. Vancomycin resistance was 5.3% among isolates of Enterococci.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study results demonstrate that healthcare-associated infections are predominantly originated by intensive care units. The microorganisms isolated from intensive care units are highly resistant to many antimicrobial agents. The rising incidence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms indicates that more interventions are urgently needed to reduce healthcare-associated infections in our intensive care units.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221091789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T05:35:05Z","timestamp":1650346505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A 5-year surveillance of healthcare-associated infections in a university hospital: A retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2262-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilknur","family":"Erdem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilker","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birol","family":"Safak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritvan","family":"Karaali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berna","family":"Erdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enes","family":"Ardic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Enes","family":"Kardan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caglar","family":"Kavak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kubra","family":"Sahin Karadil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Yildiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birol","family":"Topcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuri","family":"Kiraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cavidan","family":"Arar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121221091789","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6553(88)90053-3"},{"key":"bibr2-20503121221091789","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S177247"},{"key":"bibr3-20503121221091789","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.03.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr4-20503121221091789","first-page":"3","volume":"63","author":"Johnson NB","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121221091789","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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