{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:26:43Z","timestamp":1784165203192,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017SAMRC0SIR0000157977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SAMRC0SIR0000157977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Health and Welfare Sector Education and Training Authority","award":["2018\/2019HWSETA219986789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/2019HWSETA219986789"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapid intervention for catatonia with benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy can prevent fatal complications. We describe the management and treatment response of 44 patients with catatonia in a psychiatric unit in urban South Africa. The objective was to screen admissions for catatonia and investigate management, treatment response, and treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a prospective, descriptive, observational study design and collected data using a data collection sheet, the Bush Francis Catatonia Screening Instrument, the Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale, and the Diagnostic Statistical Manual-5 to assess catatonia in new admissions from September 2020 to August 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 241 participants screened on admission, 44 (18.3% of 241) screened positive for catatonia on the Bush Francis Catatonia Screening Instrument, while 197 (81.7% of 241) did not. Thirty-eight (86.4% of 44) received lorazepam, seven (15.9%) received clonazepam, and two (4.6%) received diazepam, implying that three (6.8%) of the 44 participants with catatonia received more than one benzodiazepine sequentially. Ten (22.7% of 44) patients received electroconvulsive therapy. Seven of those treated with electroconvulsive therapy (15.9% of 44 and 70% of 10) responded well and were discharged, whereas 22 (50% of 44 and 64.7% of 34) of those given lorazepam were discharged. Patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy had a higher initial Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale score. One patient (2.3%) relapsed within 4\u2009weeks of discharge. Twenty (45.5%) of the 44 patients with catatonia had low average iron levels, 14 (31.8%) had low vitamin B12, and 24 (54.6%) had high creatinine kinase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy were found to be effective treatments for catatonia with good response and outcomes. The length of hospital stay of patients with catatonia was similar to that of patients without catatonia. Treatment guidelines for catatonia need to include the role and timing of electroconvulsive therapy to augment current treatment protocols for the use of lorazepam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221105579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T02:39:00Z","timestamp":1655779140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Management and outcomes of catatonia: A prospective study in urban South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3425-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zukiswa","family":"Zingela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Executive Dean\u2019s Office, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Stroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Cronje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"van Wyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavioural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa"},{"name":"Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital, Mthatha, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121221105579","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511543777"},{"key":"bibr2-20503121221105579","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856215604998"},{"key":"bibr3-20503121221105579","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v5.i2.182"},{"key":"bibr4-20503121221105579","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00181"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121221105579","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx157"},{"key":"bibr6-20503121221105579","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-021-00505-8"},{"key":"bibr7-20503121221105579","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264944"},{"key":"bibr8-20503121221105579","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1420539\/v1"},{"key":"bibr9-20503121221105579","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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