{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:48:42Z","timestamp":1777880922685,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic nephropathy is defined as patients with diabetes mellitus who have persistent proteinuria for at least three consecutive measurements per year, a high blood creatinine level (&gt;130\u2009mol\/l), or a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (&lt;60\u2009ml\/min). Limited studies were done in Ethiopia on determinants of diabetic nephropathy among diabetic patients. Therefore, this study aimed to identify determinants of nephropathy among adult diabetic patients on follow-up at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A hospital-based unmatched case-control study design was conducted from 6 September to 9 November 2022, among diabetic patients on follow-up at public health hospitals in Addis Ababa. Using consecutive sampling techniques, a total of 442 (353 controls and 89 cases) were recruited, with a control-to-case ratio of 4:1. The data were collected using a structured and interview-administered questionnaire and variables like high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, Glycated hemoglobin, and type of diabetes were extracted from the medical records of the patients using a checklist. The collected data were entered into Epidata 3.1 and analyzed by STATA version 15.0. Variables with a p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.25 in the bivariable logistic regression were selected for the final model. In multivariable logistic regression model fitting, variables with a p-value\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 with 95% CI adjusted odds ratio have declared statistically significant risk factors of diabetic nephropathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, out of 442 study participants, 334 controls and 89 cases were included in the analysis, with a response rate of 94.6% and 100%, respectively. The majority of the study participants were 92.13% of cases and 84.13% of controls; 7.87% of cases, and 15.87% of controls were type 2 diabetes mellitus. Age 65 and above years old (AOR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.28, 4.57); Smoking cigarette (AOR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.18, 4.16); Non-adherent to diet (AOR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.15, 3.84); Drinking alcohols (AOR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.52); Duration with diabetes more than 10\u2009years (AOR: 3.39; 95% CI: 1.76, 6.54); Poor glycemic control (AOR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.23, 4.28); and Low-density lipoprotein (AOR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.69, 5.28) were found to be statistically significant risk factors of nephropathy among diabetic patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that old age, smoking cigarettes, non-adherence to diet, duration of diabetes, alcohol drinking, Glycated hemoglobin A1C, and high low-density lipoprotein were risk factors for nephropathy. Hence, continuous health education on lifestyle modifications and diabetic-related complications in each follow-up visit via front-line health professionals are very essential to avert the problem.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121231218890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T02:03:21Z","timestamp":1705025001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Determinants of diabetic nephropathy among adult diabetic patients on follow-up at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4750-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diriba","family":"Etana Tola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zenebu Begna","family":"Bayissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamene Abera","family":"Desissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lencho Kajela","family":"Solbana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azeb Haile","family":"Tesfaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Assosa University, Assosa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bikila Fufa","family":"Eba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, St. Petros\u2019 Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.483"},{"key":"bibr2-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.10.001"},{"key":"bibr3-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.02.007"},{"key":"bibr4-20503121231218890","volume":"1","author":"Roglic G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Noncommun Dis"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.672350"},{"key":"bibr6-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.122734"},{"key":"bibr7-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205326"},{"key":"bibr8-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1133-6"},{"key":"bibr9-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13668"},{"key":"bibr10-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263138"},{"key":"bibr11-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3"},{"key":"bibr12-20503121231218890","first-page":"50","volume":"20","author":"FMOH","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fed Democr Repub Ethiop Minist Heal"},{"key":"bibr13-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-2016-y"},{"key":"bibr14-20503121231218890","author":"United Nations","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development"},{"key":"bibr15-20503121231218890","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.206441"},{"key":"bibr16-20503121231218890","unstructured":"Ethiopia UNSDG in. 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