{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T15:47:18Z","timestamp":1793375238924,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to determine self-medication prevalence and its associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban and rural catchment areas of Uttar Pradesh, India, among 440 adults using a pretested, semistructured questionnaire. The Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to determine the association of self-medication prevalence with various independent variables. The associations were reported as adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of medication use was 66.4%. The majority of participants (45%) took medicine for fever, cough (40.1%), and cold (31.8%). Allopathy (83.2%) was the most common medicine system used for self-medication. More than half reported taking medicine such as paracetamol (52%), followed by cough syrup (21%) and antihistaminic (17%). Convenience (46%) and lack of time (35.3%) were commonly cited reasons for self-medication. Also, 64.4% of the respondents practiced self-medication on the pharmacist\u2019s recommendation. Urban participants (adjusted odds ratio: 9.85, 95% confidence interval: 5.32\u201318.23), females (adjusted odds ratio: 2.32, 95% confidence interval: 1.18\u20134.57), skilled workers (adjusted odds ratio: 5.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.80\u201317.5), and those who completed primary school (adjusted odds ratio: 2.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.16\u20135.25) were more likely to self-medicate than rural, male, unemployed, and illiterate participants, respectively. Also, participants whose income was 30,000 Indian rupees (adjusted odds ratio: 3.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.00\u201310.21) were more likely to self-medicate than those whose income was less than 4000.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high prevalence of self-medication was found, particularly in urban areas. Convenience and lack of time were commonly cited reasons for self-medication. Allopathy was the most widely used medicine system for self-medication. Antipyretics, cough syrups, and antiallergics were most commonly self-medicated. Gender, education, and income were associated with self-medication. The study highlighted the increased usage among females which could be further explored and role of pharmacists\u2019 recommendation as a major driver for self-medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121241240507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:44:52Z","timestamp":1711413892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Self-medication prevalence and associated factors among adult population in Northern India: A community-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Khushboo","family":"Juneja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Manipal TATA Medical College, Jamshedpur, Karnataka, India"},{"name":"Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambren","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuhina","family":"Shree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Alwar, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Labor, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mainak","family":"Bardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India"},{"name":"Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Coral Gables, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Absar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ranchi Veterinary College, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit Singh","family":"Pawaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0279-4636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayush","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121241240507","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of medicinal products for use in self-medication, https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/66154 (2000, accessed 4 September 2023)."},{"key":"bibr2-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124140-00002"},{"key":"bibr3-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157488610792245966"},{"key":"bibr4-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2109-3"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884714666191122103953"},{"key":"bibr6-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.11.018"},{"key":"bibr7-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky319"},{"key":"bibr8-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2023.03.009"},{"key":"bibr9-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.124569"},{"key":"bibr10-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.203043"},{"key":"bibr11-20503121241240507","volume":"15","author":"Rathod P","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"bibr12-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.138012"},{"key":"bibr13-20503121241240507","volume":"9","author":"Rangari G","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"bibr14-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-2870.148828"},{"key":"bibr15-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.54933"},{"key":"bibr16-20503121241240507","first-page":"474","volume":"6","author":"Jain M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natl J Commun Med"},{"key":"bibr17-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1615_20"},{"key":"bibr18-20503121241240507","first-page":"249","volume":"51","author":"Lal V","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"bibr19-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20191124"},{"key":"bibr20-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20175812"},{"key":"bibr21-20503121241240507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00380-9"}],"container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20503121241240507","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20503121241240507","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20503121241240507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:27:48Z","timestamp":1777595268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20503121241240507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20503121241240507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20503121241240507","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-3121","2050-3121"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-3121","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-3121","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"article-number":"20503121241240507"}}