{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:49:23Z","timestamp":1777880963827,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by insufficient production of insulin. Many studies have linked type 1 diabetes mellitus to vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      deficiency. We investigated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Sudanese children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and assessed the impact of vitamin D deficiency treatment on their glycemic control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2019\u20132022, we conducted a quasi-experimental study on 115 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (1\u201319\u2009years old) at the Sudan Childhood Diabetes Center. Vitamin D supplements were given orally to deficient patients for 3\u2009months. The concentrations of hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose, insulin dosage, and vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)) were measured before and after vitamin D3 administration. One-way ANOVA and paired sample t-tests were used to evaluate the effect of supplementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Only 27% of type 1 diabetes mellitus children were deficient in vitamin D, whereas 31.1% were inadequate and 40.9% were sufficient. The administration of vitamin D supplements slightly improved hemoglobin A1c levels in 67.7% of the patients, but the difference was not significant (mean 10.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1% before, 10.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5% after, p\n                      <jats:sub>0.05<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.199). However, there was a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose level (mean: 174.978.5\u2013136.759.1\u2009ng\/ml; p\n                      <jats:sub>0.05<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.049). Vitamin D levels were significantly increased after treatment (mean\u2009=\u200949.6\u2009ng\/mL; t-test\u2009=\u2009\u221211.6, 95% CI 40.8\u2013(\u221228.6); p\n                      <jats:sub>0.05<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.000). After vitamin D3 supplementation, 25.8% of individuals changed their insulin dosage; however, there was no significant variation in insulin needs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Sudan is relatively high; incorporating vitamin D supplements in their treatment plan may improve their glycemic control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121241242931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T03:20:30Z","timestamp":1714965630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Does vitamin D supplementation benefit patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who are vitamin D deficient? A study was performed at the Sudan Childhood Diabetes Center from 2019 to 2022"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9069-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiba Abdelmunim","family":"Suliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The National Ribat University, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdalla Omer","family":"Elkhawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Medical Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omer Osman","family":"Babiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sudan Childhood Diabetes Center, Khartoum, Sudan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yousif Mohammed","family":"Alhaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Karary University, Omdurman, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kholod Hamad","family":"Eltom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Dr Abdulrahman Bakhsh Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asim Ahmed","family":"Elnour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ajm.ajm_53_20"},{"key":"bibr2-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2"},{"key":"bibr3-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24911\/SJP.106-1587542600"},{"key":"bibr4-20503121241242931","volume-title":"Risk factors for type 1 diabetes","author":"Rewers M","year":"2023"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.016"},{"key":"bibr6-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y"},{"key":"bibr7-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1995.11747751"},{"key":"bibr8-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0980"},{"key":"bibr9-20503121241242931","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Nestle nutrition workshop series: 1991","author":"David L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr10-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092185"},{"key":"bibr11-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711650203"},{"key":"bibr12-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414792a"},{"key":"bibr13-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.557"},{"key":"bibr14-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.820"},{"key":"bibr15-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2011.03482.x"},{"key":"bibr16-20503121241242931","first-page":"606","volume-title":"Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences","author":"Daniel W.","year":"1999","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr17-20503121241242931","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D","author":"Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr18-20503121241242931","first-page":"301","volume":"10","author":"Mutlu GY","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"bibr19-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24926\/iip.v5i3.347"},{"key":"bibr20-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04683-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr21-20503121241242931","volume":"44","author":"Al Senani A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Teikyo Med J"},{"key":"bibr22-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2794-3"},{"key":"bibr23-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2126"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr24-20503121241242931","volume":"11","author":"Sharma S","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res JCDR"},{"key":"bibr25-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2019.12.24643"},{"key":"bibr26-20503121241242931","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020499"},{"key":"bibr27-20503121241242931","unstructured":"Mogire RM. 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