{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:12:59Z","timestamp":1779203579509,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 has become a global pandemic that has affected millions of people worldwide. The disease is caused by the novel coronavirus that was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The virus is highly contagious and can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or breathes. The symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and shortness of breath, and in severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, pneumonia, and death. The Spanish flu, caused by the H1N1 influenza virus, and the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 are two of the most significant global health crises in history. While these two pandemics occurred almost a century apart and are caused by different types of viruses, there are notable similarities in their impact, transmission, and public health responses. Here are some key similarities between the Spanish flu and SARS-CoV-2. The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918\u20131919 stands as one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, claiming the lives of an estimated 50\u2009million people worldwide. Its impact reverberated across continents, leaving behind a legacy of devastation and lessons that, unfortunately, seem to have been forgotten or ignored over time. Despite the advancements in science, medicine, and public health in the intervening century, humanity found itself facing a strikingly similar situation with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, amidst the search for effective measures to combat COVID-19, novel approaches such as iodine complexes, such as Iodine-V has emerged as potential interventions, reflecting the ongoing quest for innovative solutions to mitigate the impact of pandemics. This raises the poignant question: why did we not learn from the Spanish flu?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121241256820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T07:20:28Z","timestamp":1716967228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lessons should be learned: Why did we not learn from the Spanish flu?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9097-6741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"K\u00f6nt\u00f6s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IOl Investment Zrt, Budapest, Pest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121241256820","volume-title":"The great influenza: the story of the deadliest pandemic in history","author":"Barry JM.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr2-20503121241256820","volume-title":"The pandemic century: one hundred years of panic, hysteria, and hubris","author":"Honigsbaum M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr3-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19302-0"},{"key":"bibr4-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1209.05-0979"},{"key":"bibr5-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2003762"},{"key":"bibr6-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30374-3"},{"key":"bibr7-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018"},{"key":"bibr8-20503121241256820","volume":"370","author":"Islam N","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"bibr9-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113794"},{"key":"bibr10-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13383"},{"key":"bibr11-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2401.171081"},{"key":"bibr12-20503121241256820","volume-title":"Learning from SARS: preparing for the next disease outbreak: workshop summary","author":"Knobler S","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr13-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005630"},{"key":"bibr14-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2005.11.026"},{"key":"bibr15-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176062"},{"key":"bibr16-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504"},{"key":"bibr17-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.17.2000257"},{"key":"bibr18-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30260-9"},{"key":"bibr19-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316"},{"key":"bibr20-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.200282"},{"key":"bibr21-20503121241256820","volume-title":"Report 2: estimating the potential total number of novel coronavirus cases in Wuhan City, China","author":"Imai N","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr22-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793"},{"key":"bibr23-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2405-7"},{"key":"bibr24-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"bibr25-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2002.0022"},{"key":"bibr26-20503121241256820","volume-title":"Americ\u2019s forgotten pandemic: The influenza of 1918","author":"Crosby AW."},{"issue":"1766","key":"bibr27-20503121241256820","first-page":"20131350","volume":"280","author":"Chowell G","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"bibr28-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01221-y"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr29-20503121241256820","volume":"62","author":"Simonetti O","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"key":"bibr30-20503121241256820","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793"},{"key":"bibr31-20503121241256820","volume-title":"Pandemics: waves of disease, waves of hate from the Plague of Athens to aids","author":"Cohn SK","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr32-20503121241256820","unstructured":"Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. 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