{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T19:53:10Z","timestamp":1785613990463,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most significant challenges to global public health and the risk factors in severe pneumonia are constantly growing. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with antimicrobial resistance and conduct survival analysis of severe pneumonia patients with single and multiple pathogens in the National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective method was used, and secondary data were collected from severe pneumonia patients admitted to the intensive care unit at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, from January 2016 to December 2022. Respiratory specimens were collected through bronchial washing. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze factors associated with antimicrobial resistance. Kaplan\u2012Meier survival curves were generated with the log-rank test to compare 30-day mortality between patients infected with single, dual, and multiple pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that a total of 333 patients from 415 enrolled were analyzed. Klebsiella pneumoniae (35.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii (29.3 %), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.4%) were the most frequently isolated Gram-negative pathogens. Factors associated with resistance to aminoglycoside, carbapenem, and quinolone were sepsis, cerebrovascular disease, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, as indicated by p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05. In addition, the Kaplan\u2013Meier curves showed that multiple pathogens influenced the survival rate of severe pneumonia patients ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis, cerebrovascular disease, and ventilator-associated pneumonia were associated with antimicrobial resistance in severe pneumonia patients. The survival rate of patients infected with multiple pathogens was low. This suggests the importance of further awareness regarding empirical antibiotic stewardship and mortality assessment in severe pneumonia patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121241264097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T05:28:36Z","timestamp":1724736516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Factors associated with antibiotic resistance and survival analysis of severe pneumonia patients infected with\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    : A retrospective cohort study in Jakarta, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-0660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gurmeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology and Critical Illness, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia\u2014Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonny","family":"Loho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia\u2014Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Yulianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology and Critical Illness, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia\u2014Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dita","family":"Aditianingsih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia\u2014Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila Fakhriyatuz","family":"Zakiyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology and Critical Illness, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia\u2014Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudirman Fakhruddin","family":"Masse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology and Critical Illness, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia\u2014Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rizki","family":"Triono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology and Critical Illness, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia\u2014Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20503121241264097","unstructured":"McDermott K. 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