{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:51:17Z","timestamp":1777881077983,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sage Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) infection remains highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries and is a major cause of chronic gastritis and upper gastrointestinal morbidity. In endemic settings, infection was often influenced by environmental and hygienic exposures. Data examining these associations among symptomatic gastritis patients in Pakistan are limited.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To describe the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity and examine its association with environmental, hygienic, and lifestyle characteristics among patients with clinically diagnosed gastritis in Northern Pakistan.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2024 in 3 tertiary-care hospitals in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, and Wah Cantt. Patients aged \u2a7e16\u2009years with clinically diagnosed gastritis were consecutively enrolled.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      status was determined using invasive and non-invasive diagnostic modalities employed in routine clinical care. Sociodemographic, environmental and behavioural data were collected using a structured, pilot-tested questionnaire. Associations were assessed using chi-square or Fisher\u2019s exact tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 250 participants, 225 (90.0%) were\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive. Infection status was not significantly associated with age, sex, education level or place of residence. In contrast, untreated drinking water, absence of household water treatment, poor hand hygiene, skipping or delaying meals and consumption of uncooked or undercooked food were significantly associated with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2a7d\u20090.001). There were substantial overlaps in gastrointestinal symptoms between infected and non-infected patients. In\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylo<\/jats:italic>\n                      r\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive people, post-treatment eradication was noted in 65.6% and recurrence in 40.0%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this endemic area, the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      positivity became very high among individuals who surpassed the clinical diagnosis of gastritis. Infection status was strongly associated with environmental and hygienic factors in this symptomatic population. These results reflect associations and not causal determinants and emphasize the need of longitudinal studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121261426073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T12:14:32Z","timestamp":1772194472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and factors associated with helicobacter pylori positivity among patients with gastritis in an endemic region of Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abdul Rehman","family":"Shahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5414-1356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamna","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadeeqa","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noshaba","family":"Razaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iqra","family":"Mehboob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muqadas","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Dawood","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khansa","family":"Kaleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noof K.","family":"Binashikhbubkr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University, Mukalla, Yemen"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v16.i4.111432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00070-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of dyspepsia in the Pakistani population: an experience from a large tertiary care center","volume":"17","author":"Shahzad S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shahzad S, Ahmed Tareen K, Hyder A, et al. 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