{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T21:47:14Z","timestamp":1782078434611,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of The Witwatersrand Start-Up Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sage Open Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic alcohol use is a global health concern with adverse effects on immune function, potentially altering the T-helper (Th)1\/Th2 axis. This study modelled chronic alcohol consumption using Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats to determine whether chronic alcohol consumption during adolescence skews Th1\/Th2 cytokine release.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A two-bottle choice rat model was used for voluntary adolescent alcohol intake. Twenty (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920) male SD rats aged 25\u2009days were randomised into alcohol (20% w\/v) and control groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910\/group) for 30\u2009days. Blood was collected at termination via cardiac puncture. Th1\/Th2 cytokines were analysed using the Rat LEGENDplex\u2122 Panel (9-plex) kit and BD Accuri\u2122 C6 flow cytometer. An unpaired two-tailed student\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test compared the cytokine level between the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      White blood cell and lymphocyte counts were elevated in the alcohol group, while platelet counts decreased (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Interleukin (IL)-2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0390) and interferon-\u03b3 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0292) were lower in the alcohol group. Similarly, IL-5 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0189), IL-6 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0284) and IL-10 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0117) levels decreased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic voluntary alcohol consumption during adolescence does not skew the immune response towards Th1 or Th2 cytokine release. Instead, it is associated with an overall decrease in the levels of Th1\/Th2 cytokines, thus suggesting the immune-suppressive effect of alcohol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121261434123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T06:24:48Z","timestamp":1781850288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of voluntary chronic alcohol consumption on Th1\/Th2 cytokine signature during adolescence in Sprague-Dawley Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kutlwano","family":"Moeketsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bongani B.","family":"Nkambule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8058-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennedy H.","family":"Erlwanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6005-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xitsakiso E.","family":"Mabasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzi J.","family":"Maseko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3288-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tawanda M.","family":"Nyambuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018","author":"Word Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"Word Health Organization. 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