{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T13:11:52Z","timestamp":1783775512557,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sage Open Medical Case Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lophomoniasis is a new emerging parasitic disease caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lophomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., a protozoan that predominantly resides in a commensal relationship within the hindgut of cockroaches. This pathogen is known to affect the lower respiratory tract in humans, resulting in clinical manifestations such as cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. We present two case studies involving a 54-year-old- and a 38-year-old male, both with a history of cigarette smoking but no known underlying medical conditions. These individuals presented at the emergency room with respiratory symptoms and were subsequently evaluated. No significant abnormalities were shown on the lung computed tomography scan in Case 1, whereas empyema was observed in the right lung in Case 2. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from each patient revealed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lophomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., an emerging protozoan pathogen, by microscopic examination. Based on these findings, metronidazole was administered to both patients, resulting in successful treatment of the infection. These cases highlight that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lophomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. is a significant respiratory pathogen capable of causing a spectrum of disease in immunocompetent individuals, from mild bronchitis to severe pneumonia with complications. They emphasize the critical importance of including lophomoniasis in the differential diagnosis for persistent or atypical respiratory infections. Timely treatment with metronidazole was effective, resulting in clinical resolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313x261464741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:38:53Z","timestamp":1783593533000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulmonary infection due to emerging\n                    <i>Lophomonas<\/i>\n                    pathogen in immunocompetent patients: Two case reports"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakaria","family":"Zakariaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Division, Mazandaran Registry Center for Opioids Poisoning, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centers, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3035-0928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eissa","family":"Soleymani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Bab.C, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Mehravaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"},{"name":"Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-6219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Fakhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases Research Center, Qom Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (QRCL), Interdisciplinary Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham Sadat","family":"Banimostafavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases Research Center, Qom Registry Center for Breast Cancer (QRCBC), Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majidreza","family":"Adelani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"},{"name":"Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sharifpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"},{"name":"Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li R Gao ZC. Lophomonas blattarum infection or just the movement of ciliated epithelial cells?. Chin Med J 2016; 129(6): 739\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0366-6999.178025","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.178025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motevalli-Haghi SF Shemshadian A Nakhaei M et al. First report of Lophomonas spp. in German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) trapped in hospitals Northern Iran. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45(4): 937\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-021-01381-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-021-01381-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Global status of emerging Lophomonas infection: a systematic review of reported cases (1993\u20132020)","volume":"2022","author":"Nakhaei M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nakhaei M, Fakhar M, Sharifpour A, et al. Global status of emerging Lophomonas infection: a systematic review of reported cases (1993\u20132020). Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022(1): Article 3155845.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Lophomonas and lophomoniasis: biology, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","author":"Fakhar M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fakhar M, Sharifpour A, Nakhaei M, et al. Lophomonas and lophomoniasis: biology, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Noruzi, 2021, p.178."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fakhar M Nakhaei M Sharifpour A et al. Morphological and molecular identification of emerged Lophomonas blattarum infection in Mazandaran Province Northern Iran: first registry-based study. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66(4): 1510\u20131516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-021-00422-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00422-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma S Verma G Singh DV et al. Dual infection with pulmonary tuberculosis and Lophomonas blattarum in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 19: 368\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.14.0513","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.192867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.tp_97_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/idr16010006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.70049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_418_23"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","article-title":"Geospatial analysis and molecular epidemiologic study of emerging pulmonary lophomoniasis in Iran: a national registry-based study","volume":"2023","author":"Ghatee MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ghatee MA, Nakhaei M, Sharifpour A, et al. Geospatial analysis and molecular epidemiologic study of emerging pulmonary lophomoniasis in Iran: a national registry-based study. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023(1): Article 1039186.","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"413","article-title":"A case of presumptive Lophomonas pneumonia in an immunocompetent man presenting with hemoptysis","volume":"59","author":"Ya\u015far N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ya\u015far N, Balci Y, Arslan G, et al. A case of presumptive Lophomonas pneumonia in an immunocompetent man presenting with hemoptysis. Mikrobiyol Bul 2025; 59(3): 413\u2013423.","journal-title":"Mikrobiyol Bul"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","article-title":"Molecular evidence of emerged pulmonary lophomoniasis due to Lophomonas blattarum among hospitalized patients in Southwestern Iran: a national registry-based study","volume":"2022","author":"Mokhtarian K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mokhtarian K, Taghipour S, Nakhaei M, et al. Molecular evidence of emerged pulmonary lophomoniasis due to Lophomonas blattarum among hospitalized patients in Southwestern Iran: a national registry-based study. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022(1): Article 6292823.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605241232917"}],"container-title":["Sage Open Medical Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2050313X261464741","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2050313X261464741","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2050313X261464741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T12:18:14Z","timestamp":1783772294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2050313X261464741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2050313X261464741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050313x261464741","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-313X","2050-313X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-313X","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-313X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"2050313X261464741"}}