{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:15:07Z","timestamp":1792300507425,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]],"date-time":"2013-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["UEG Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactose malabsorption is a common condition caused by reduced expression or activity of lactase in the small intestine. In such patients, lactose intolerance is characterized by abdominal symptoms (e.g. nausea, bloating, and pain) after ingestion of dairy products. The genetic basis of lactose malabsorption is established and several tests for this condition are available, including genetic, endoscopic, and H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> \u2010breath tests. In contrast, lactose intolerance is less well understood. Recent studies show that the risk of symptoms after lactose ingestion depends on the dose of lactose, lactase expression, intestinal flora, and sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract. Lactose intolerance has recently been defined as symptoms developing after ingestion of lactose which do not develop after placebo challenge in a person with lactose maldigestion. Such blinded testing might be especially important in those with functional gastrointestinal diseases in whom self\u2010reported lactose intolerance is common. However, placebo\u2010controlled testing is not part of current clinical practice. Updated protocols and high\u2010quality outcome studies are needed. Treatment options of lactose intolerance include lactose\u2010reduced diet and enzyme replacement. Documenting the response to multiple doses can guide rational dietary management; however, the clinical utility of this strategy has not been tested. This review summarizes the genetic basis, diagnosis, and treatment of lactose malabsorption and intolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640613484463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,29]],"date-time":"2013-03-29T03:34:23Z","timestamp":1364528063000},"page":"151-159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Misselwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich 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