{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:48:33Z","timestamp":1792432113721,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["UEG Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent investigations suggest an increasing prevalence of Gram\u2010positive and antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), probably related to changes in antibiotic prescription patterns, in particular more widespread and long\u2010term use of antibiotic prophylaxis with quinolones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary objective of this study was to assess potential changes in the microbiology of SBP in two patient cohorts studied at a 10\u2010year interval. Further aims were to study prognostic factors and outcome of SBP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective double\u2010cohort study, including all ascitic cultures from patients with cirrhosis obtained 2003\u20132005 and 2013\u20132014, was conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total 312 patients were included, 125 patients in the first and 187 patients in the second cohort. SBP was diagnosed in 132 of 840 analyzed ascitic fluid samples; 62 samples were culture positive. An increase of Gram\u2010positive bacterial isolates was noted from 26% to 46% between cohorts (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.122). The prevalence of multidrug\u2010antibiotic\u2013resistant pathogens increased from 25% to 32% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.350). Survival after SBP among the two cohorts was comparable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This single\u2010center study in the Netherlands found a modest but nonsignificant increase in the proportion of patients with SBP caused by Gram\u2010positive bacteria and multidrug\u2010antibiotic\u2013resistant bacteria over a 10\u2010year period. Our findings differ from reported data in other countries and suggest empiric antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment of SBP should be based on national and regional microbiological findings and resistance patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617744456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T13:21:21Z","timestamp":1511184081000},"page":"614-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Microbiology and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A study of two Dutch cohorts at a 10\u2010year interval"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Rosalie C","family":"Oey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6993<\/institution-id>--> Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"de Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6993<\/institution-id>--> Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole S","family":"Erler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6993<\/institution-id>--> Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6993<\/institution-id>--> Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelies","family":"Verbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6993<\/institution-id>--> Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6993<\/institution-id>--> Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk R","family":"van Buuren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6993<\/institution-id>--> Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80201-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80280-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.11.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20632"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.07.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i3.304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2004.0985.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","unstructured":"RunyonBA.Practice guideline. 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