{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T14:27:09Z","timestamp":1782484029714,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["UEG Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies have suggested that smokers may have a lower risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) although the results have been inconsistent. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis was conducted to summarize all available data to better characterize this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive literature review was conducted using Medline and Embase databases through January 2018 to identify all studies that compared the risk of PSC among current\/former smokers versus nonsmokers. Effect estimates from each study were extracted and combined using the random\u2010effect, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seven case\u2010control studies with 2,307,393 participants met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta\u2010analysis. The risk of PSC among current smokers and former smokers was significantly lower than nonsmokers with the pooled odds ratio of 0.31 (95% CI, 0.18\u20130.53) and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.44\u20130.61), respectively. The risk remained significantly lower among current smokers and former smokers compared with nonsmokers even when only patients with PSC without inflammatory bowel disease were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significantly decreased risk of PSC among current and former smokers was demonstrated in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618761703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T05:23:14Z","timestamp":1519276994000},"page":"500-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Association between smoking and risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A systematic review and 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