{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:53:12Z","timestamp":1769881992463,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["UEG Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing efforts are being put into new treatment options for coeliac disease (CeD), a chronic disorder of the small intestine induced by gluten. Interleukin\u20102 (IL\u20102) and gluten\u2010specific CD4\u2009+\u2009T cells increase in the blood after four hours and six days, respectively, following a gluten challenge in CeD patients. These responses are unique to CeD and are not seen in controls. We aimed to evaluate different markers reflecting a recall response to gluten exposure that may be used to monitor therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>CeD patients on a gluten\u2010free diet underwent a one\u2010 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096) or three\u2010day (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097) oral gluten challenges. We collected blood samples at several time points between baseline and day 8, and monitored gluten\u2010specific CD4\u2009+\u2009T cells for their frequency and CD38 expression using HLA\u2010DQ:gluten tetramers. We assessed the IL\u20102 concentration in plasma four hours after the first gluten intake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of gut\u2010homing, tetramer\u2010binding, CD4\u2009+\u2009effector memory T (tetramer\u2009+\u2009\u03b27\u2009+\u2009T<jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub>) cells and the IL\u20102 concentration measured shortly after the first dose of gluten increased significantly after the one\u2010 and three\u2010day gluten challenges, but large interindividual differences were exhibited. The frequency of tetramer\u2009+\u2009\u03b27\u2009+\u2009T<jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub> plateaued between days 6 and 8 and was lower after the one\u2010day challenge. We observed a consistent increase in CD38 expression on tetramer\u2009+\u2009\u03b27\u2009+\u2009T<jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub> cells and did not find a significant difference between the one\u2010 and three\u2010day challenges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal time points for monitoring therapy response in CeD after a three\u2010day oral gluten challenge is four hours for plasma IL\u20102 or six to eight days for the frequency of tetramer\u2009+\u2009\u03b27\u2009+\u2009T<jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub> cells, but both these parameters involved large interindividual differences. In contrast, CD38 expression on tetramer\u2009+\u2009\u03b27\u2009+\u2009T<jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub> cells increased uniformly and irrespectively of the length of gluten challenge, suggesting that this parameter is more suited for monitoring drug efficacy in clinical trials for CeD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619874183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,7]],"date-time":"2019-09-07T17:05:03Z","timestamp":1567875903000},"page":"1337-1344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["CD38 expression on gluten\u2010specific T cells is a robust marker of gluten re\u2010exposure in coeliac disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1012-7526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Z\u00fchlke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre Department of Immunology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6305<\/institution-id>--> University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise Fremgaard","family":"Risnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre Department of Immunology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6305<\/institution-id>--> University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Dahal-Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre Department of Immunology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6305<\/institution-id>--> University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asbj\u00f8rn","family":"Christophersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre Department of Immunology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6305<\/institution-id>--> University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludvig M","family":"Sollid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre Department of Immunology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6305<\/institution-id>--> University of Oslo Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Knut EA","family":"Lundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre Department of Immunology<!--<institution-id institution-id-type=\"Ringgold\">6305<\/institution-id>--> University of Oslo Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601693"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369512"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2015.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619844125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0054-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314853"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314461"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw7756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/73200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608610104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311861110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0043-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0404262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80353-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.1.193","article-title":"CD38 ligation results in activation of the Raf-1\/mitogen-activated protein kinase and the CD3-zeta\/zeta-associated protein-70 signaling pathways in Jurkat T lymphocytes","volume":"159","author":"Zubiaur M","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830231005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-07-101600"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-306578"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310004209"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.4861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614540154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2012.679685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07816-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Cytokine release and gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten challenge in celiac disease","author":"Goel G","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"}],"container-title":["United European Gastroenterology Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2050640619874183","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2050640619874183","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2050640619874183","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T06:33:42Z","timestamp":1693722822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2050640619874183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2050640619874183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640619874183","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-6406","2050-6414"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-6406","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-6414","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}}}