{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T02:49:08Z","timestamp":1768877348217,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Vaccination against tuberculosis with live-attenuated Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) is widely used even though its effectiveness is controversial. BCG-lymphadenitis (BCG-LA) is its most common complication. Some studies have proposed that BCG-LA can be associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PIs). This study\u2019s aim is to see whether patients who developed BCG-LA (named as \u2018LA\u2019) developed more infections than BCG-vaccinated children without BCG-LA (named as \u2018NON-LA\u2019). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> From January 2009 to April 2014, 31 LA children were seen at the outpatient clinic of the General Hospital of Tijuana, Mexico. Among them, 22 (70.97%), 5 (16.13%) and 4 (12.9%) had axillary, supraclavicular, or both BCG-LA, respectively. No treatment was given and complications were not seen. Per LA subject, a NON-LA not &gt;1 month of age difference and same gender was paired and followed for 3 years to look for ambulatory infections (AINFs), acute otitis media (AOM) and hospitalizations. Surveillance per patient was performed by phone monthly, and they were seen at the clinic every 4 months. All patients were HIV-negative and had no family history of PI. Statistical analyses used were relative risk (RR) with confidence intervals (CI), t test for independent variables and z test. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> In total 62 subjects were enrolled: 31 LA paired with 31 NON-LA. Between them, there were no differences in age, day care attendance and breastfeeding. There were no differences in the total number of AINF per patient (LA: 18.61 avg. \u00b1 5.03 SD versus NON-LA: 18.19 avg. \u00b1 4.17 SD, RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.33\u20130.66), AOM total episodes (LA: 30 versus NON-LA: 26, RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.31\u20130.68) and hospitalizations (LA: 5 versus NON-LA: 4, RR = 1, 95% CI = 0.25\u20130.74). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> This cohort strongly suggests that BCG-LA in healthy children is not associated with more episodes of AINF and hospitalizations, when paired and compared with children BCG-vaccinated without BCG-LA. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2051013617741585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]],"date-time":"2017-11-15T11:17:25Z","timestamp":1510744645000},"page":"103-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Children with lymphadenitis associated with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination do not experience more infections when compared with BCG-vaccinated children without lymphadenitis: a three years paired-cohort in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Enrique","family":"Chacon-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de Tijuana \u2013 Pediatrics, Paseo Centario S\/N Zona del Rio, Tijuana, Baja-California 22010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Luis","family":"Arellano-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Jurisdiction of Tijuana \u2013 Epidemiology, Tijuana Baja-California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Lopatynsky-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Baja-California Campus ECISALUD \u2013 School of Medicine, Tijuana, Baja-California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Alvelais-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Autonoma de Baja-California Campus ECISALUD \u2013 School of Medicine, Tijuana, Baja-California, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Becka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Ringgold Standard Institution \u2013 Internal Medicine, Brownsville, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2051013617741585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4643"},{"key":"bibr2-2051013617741585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17370"},{"key":"bibr3-2051013617741585","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"bibr4-2051013617741585","first-page":"27","volume":"79","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"bibr5-2051013617741585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpam.2015.05.003"},{"key":"bibr6-2051013617741585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008300.pub2."},{"key":"bibr7-2051013617741585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1684-1182(10)60082-5"},{"key":"bibr8-2051013617741585","first-page":"72","volume":"1992","author":"Guerin N","journal-title":"Child Trop"},{"key":"bibr9-2051013617741585","first-page":"201","volume":"8","author":"Gonzalez B","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"bibr10-2051013617741585","first-page":"1719","volume":"27","author":"Samileh N","year":"2006","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"bibr11-2051013617741585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/712736."},{"key":"bibr12-2051013617741585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.09.073"},{"key":"bibr13-2051013617741585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2015.216"},{"key":"bibr14-2051013617741585","unstructured":"COFEPRIS. 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