{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:32:44Z","timestamp":1788539564135,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]],"date-time":"2015-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Post Reprod Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional menopausal hormone therapy containing estrogens\/progestin has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and estrogen exposure is known to promote growth and proliferation of a majority of breast cancers. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to consider the breast safety profile of any hormone-based therapy used in postmenopausal women. This review provides an overview of the breast safety and tolerability profiles of currently marketed selective estrogen receptor modulators, antiestrogens, and the first tissue selective estrogen complex combining conjugated estrogens with the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene in postmenopausal women. Selective estrogen receptor modulators and antiestrogens act as estrogen receptor antagonists in the breast. Tamoxifen, toremifene, and the selective estrogen receptor degrader fulvestrant are used to treat breast cancer, and tamoxifen and raloxifene protect against breast cancer in high-risk women. Postmenopausal women using selective estrogen receptor modulators for prevention or treatment of osteoporosis (raloxifene, bazedoxifene) can be reassured that these hormonal treatments do not adversely affect their risk of breast cancer and may, in the case of raloxifene, even be protective. There are limited data on breast cancer in women who use ospemifene for dyspareunia. Conjugated estrogens\/bazedoxifene use for up to two years did not increase mammographic breast density or breast pain\/tenderness, and there was no evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer, suggesting that conjugated estrogens\/bazedoxifene has an improved breast safety profile compared with traditional menopausal hormone therapies. Future research will continue to focus on development of selective estrogen receptor modulators and selective estrogen receptor modulator combinations capable of achieving the ideal balance of estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2053369115599090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]],"date-time":"2015-08-19T22:19:03Z","timestamp":1440022743000},"page":"112-121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Selective estrogen receptor modulators and the combination therapy conjugated estrogens\/bazedoxifene: A review of effects on the breast"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"James H","family":"Pickar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry S","family":"Komm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1639"},{"key":"bibr2-2053369115599090","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Hormone therapy for breast cancer fact sheet, http:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/cancertopics\/factsheet\/Therapy\/hormone-therapy-breast (2012, accessed 25 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr3-2053369115599090","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Care Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast Cancer Risk Reduction Version 1.2014, http:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/PDF\/breast_risk.pdf (2014, accessed 22 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr4-2053369115599090","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Care Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast Cancer Version 3.2014, http:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/breast.pdf (2014, accessed 22 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr5-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2006.05.004"},{"key":"bibr6-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.278040"},{"key":"bibr7-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.113418mp"},{"key":"bibr8-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.18.1371"},{"key":"bibr9-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.16.1327"},{"key":"bibr10-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09962-2"},{"key":"bibr11-2053369115599090","first-page":"253","volume":"20","author":"Jordan VC","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"bibr12-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022219"},{"key":"bibr13-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1302-6"},{"key":"bibr14-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.071206"},{"key":"bibr15-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181c1ac01"},{"key":"bibr16-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e318279ba64"},{"key":"bibr17-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.03.113"},{"key":"bibr18-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181a7df0d"},{"key":"bibr19-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.02.093"},{"key":"bibr20-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2012.717994"},{"key":"bibr21-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1707"},{"key":"bibr22-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181b7c65f"},{"key":"bibr23-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.06.006"},{"key":"bibr24-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0b013e31829f0433"},{"key":"bibr25-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697130903305627"},{"key":"bibr26-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.05.094"},{"key":"bibr27-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2964(76)90030-X"},{"key":"bibr28-2053369115599090","first-page":"51","volume":"67","author":"Shafie SM","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"bibr29-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81717-1"},{"key":"bibr30-2053369115599090","unstructured":"Nolvadex [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 2005."},{"key":"bibr31-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.54.2258"},{"key":"bibr32-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11423-4","volume":"351","author":"Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bibr33-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005833811584"},{"key":"bibr34-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2011.06.003"},{"key":"bibr35-2053369115599090","first-page":"917","volume":"9","author":"Chow CK","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"bibr36-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0034"},{"key":"bibr37-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-3-200302040-00008"},{"key":"bibr38-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djr079"},{"key":"bibr39-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.01.027"},{"key":"bibr40-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006478317173"},{"key":"bibr41-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh319"},{"key":"bibr42-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.49.3122"},{"key":"bibr43-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.23.joc60074"},{"key":"bibr44-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0076"},{"key":"bibr45-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.1.51"},{"key":"bibr46-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01690.x"},{"key":"bibr47-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02072035"},{"key":"bibr48-2053369115599090","first-page":"1438","volume":"57","author":"Li D","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"bibr49-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01807139","volume":"16","author":"Robinson SP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"bibr50-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-012-0430-6"},{"key":"bibr51-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0030"},{"key":"bibr52-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.072249"},{"key":"bibr53-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-3771"},{"key":"bibr54-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181a818db"},{"key":"bibr55-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2013.06.008"},{"key":"bibr56-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181a816be"},{"key":"bibr57-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e3181a7fb1e"},{"key":"bibr58-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.2.7342"},{"key":"bibr59-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31826d36ba"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr60-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.106.4.1377","volume":"106","author":"Dauvois S","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"bibr61-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.02.112"},{"key":"bibr62-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.8415"},{"key":"bibr63-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11468"},{"key":"bibr64-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2009.11.003"},{"key":"bibr65-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2038"},{"key":"bibr66-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1210"},{"key":"bibr67-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1583"},{"key":"bibr68-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0b013e318252e46d"},{"key":"bibr69-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.112.084228"},{"key":"bibr70-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0b013e318271f5e7"},{"key":"bibr71-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31828c5974"},{"key":"bibr72-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1848-9"},{"key":"bibr73-2053369115599090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-011-1803-9"},{"key":"bibr74-2053369115599090","unstructured":"Boucher M, et\u00a0al. Gynecologic safety of bazedoxifene\/conjugated estrogens: pooled analysis of phase 3 trials. Poster presented at the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 2013."}],"container-title":["Post Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2053369115599090","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2053369115599090","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2053369115599090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T19:25:05Z","timestamp":1766517905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2053369115599090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2053369115599090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053369115599090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-3691","2053-3705"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-3691","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-3705","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]]}}}