{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:30:31Z","timestamp":1781796631662,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Snowden revelations about National Security Agency surveillance, starting in 2013, along with the ambiguous complicity of internet companies and the international controversies that followed provide a perfect segue into contemporary conundrums of surveillance and Big Data. Attention has shifted from late C20th information technologies and networks to a C21st focus on data, currently crystallized in \u201cBig Data.\u201d Big Data intensifies certain surveillance trends associated with information technology and networks, and is thus implicated in fresh but fluid configurations. This is considered in three main ways: One, the capacities of Big Data (including metadata) intensify surveillance by expanding interconnected datasets and analytical tools. Existing dynamics of influence, risk-management, and control increase their speed and scope through new techniques, especially predictive analytics. Two, while Big Data appears to be about size, qualitative change in surveillance practices is also perceptible, accenting consequences. Important trends persist \u2013 the control motif, faith in technology, public-private synergies, and user-involvement \u2013 but the future-orientation increasingly severs surveillance from history and memory and the quest for pattern-discovery is used to justify unprecedented access to data. Three, the ethical turn becomes more urgent as a mode of critique. Modernity's predilection for certain definitions of privacy betrays the subjects of surveillance who, so far from conforming to the abstract, disembodied image of both computing and legal practices, are engaged and embodied users-in-relation whose activities both fuel and foreclose surveillance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951714541861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]],"date-time":"2014-07-09T21:46:44Z","timestamp":1404942404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":440,"title":["Surveillance, Snowden, and Big Data: Capacities, consequences, critique"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Lyon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen's University, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Agamben G (2013) For a theory of destituent power.\n                      Critical Legal Thinking\n                      . Available at: http:\/\/criticallegalthinking.com\/2014\/02\/05\/theory-destituent-power\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr2-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276411417430"},{"key":"bibr3-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ips.12044"},{"key":"bibr4-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v12i2.5242"},{"key":"bibr5-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball KS and Snider L (eds) (2013)\n                      The Surveillance-Industrial Complex: A Political Economy of Surveillance\n                      . London: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203094426"},{"key":"bibr6-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Bankston KS and Soltani A (2014) Tiny constables and the cost of surveillance: Making cents out of the United States vs Jones.\n                      Yale Law Journal Online\n                      . January 09. Available at: www.yalelawjournal.org\/the-yale-law-journal-pocket-part\/constitutional-law\/tiny-constables-and-the-cost-of-surveillance:making-cents-out-of-united-states-v.jones\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr7-2053951714541861","volume-title":"Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation","author":"Bauman Z","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr8-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett CJ, Haggerty K, Lyon D, et\u00a0al. (eds) (2014)\n                      Transparent Lives: Surveillance in Canada\n                      . Edmonton: Athabasca University Press.","DOI":"10.15215\/aupress\/9781927356777.01"},{"key":"bibr9-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Bertolucci J (2013) Big Data's new buzzword: Datafication.\n                      Information Week\n                      . February 25. Available at: www.informationweek.com\/big-data\/big-data-analytics\/big-datas-new-buzzword-datafication\/d\/d-id\/1108797?\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr10-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyd D and Crawford K (2012) Critical questions for Big Data: Provocations for a cultural, technological and scholarly phenomenon.\n                      Information, Communication and Society\n                      15(5): 662\u2013679. Available at: www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1369118X.2012.678878#.UthCMvZA_EV\/ (accessed 19 June 2014).","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2012.678878"},{"key":"bibr11-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler D (2013) When Google got flu wrong.\n                      Nature\n                      . 494(7936). 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March 27. Available at: http:\/\/m.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/world\/canadas-metadata-collection-worries-critics\/article17714407\/?service=mobile\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr19-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Gallagher S (2013) What the NSA can do with \u201cBig Data.\u201d\n                      Ars Electronica\n                      . June 11. Available at: http:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2013\/06\/what-the-nsa-can-do-with-big-data\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr20-2053951714541861","volume-title":"The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information","author":"Gandy O","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr21-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203814949.ch2_1_a"},{"key":"bibr22-2053951714541861","volume-title":"Coming to Terms with Chance: Engaging Rational Discrimination and Cumulative Disadvantage","author":"Gandy O","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr23-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Gellman B and Poitras L (2013) US, British intelligence mining data from nine US internet companies in broad secret program.\n                      The Washington Post\n                      . June 6. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com\/investigations\/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program\/2013\/06\/06\/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr24-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Gellman B and Soltani A (2013) NSA tracking cellphone locations worldwide, Snowden documents show.\n                      The Washington Post\n                      . December 4. Available at: www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/nsa-tracking-cellphone-locations-worldwide-snowden-documents-show\/2013\/12\/04\/5492873a-5cf2-11e3-bc56-c6ca94801fac_story.html?hpid=z1\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr25-2053951714541861","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond","author":"Genosko G","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr26-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ginsberg J, et\u00a0al. (2009) Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data.\n                      Nature\n                      457: 1012\u20131014. Available at: www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v457\/n7232\/full\/nature07634.html\/ (accessed 19 June 2014).","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07634"},{"key":"bibr27-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gitelman L (ed.) (2013)\n                      Raw Data is an Oxymoron.\n                      Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9302.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr28-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Glennon NJ (2014) National security and double government.\n                      Harvard National Security Journal\n                      5(1). Available at: http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2376272 (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr29-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Greenwald G (2013) NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily.\n                      The Guardian\n                      . June 6. Available at: www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/jun\/06\/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr30-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Greenwald G, MacAskill E and Poitras L (2013) Edward Snowden: The whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations.\n                      The Guardian\n                      . June 10. 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Available at: www.stanfordlawreview.org\/online\/privacy-and-big-data\/prediction-preemption-presumption\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr34-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2043820613513388"},{"key":"bibr35-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Kitchin R (forthcoming)\n                      The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures and Their Consequences\n                      . London: Sage."},{"key":"bibr36-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Lanchester J (2013) The Snowden files: Why the British public should be worried about GCHQ.\n                      The Guardian\n                      October 3. Available at: www.theguardian.com\/world\/2013\/oct\/03\/edward-snowden-files-john-lanchester\/ (accessed 19 June 2014)."},{"key":"bibr37-2053951714541861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazer D, Kennedy R, King G, et\u00a0al. (2014) The parable of Google flu: Traps in Big Data analysis.\n                      Science\n                      343: 1203\u20131205. Available at: www.sciencemag.org\/content\/343\/6176\/1203.full\/ (accessed 19 June 2014).","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248506"},{"key":"bibr38-2053951714541861","unstructured":"Lupton D (2013) Swimming or drowning in the data ocean? Thoughts on the metaphors of Big Data. 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