{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:52:05Z","timestamp":1783536725364,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The collection and circulation of data is now a central element of increasingly more sectors of contemporary capitalism. This article analyses data as a form of capital that is distinct from, but has its roots in, economic capital. Data collection is driven by the perpetual cycle of capital accumulation, which in turn drives capital to construct and rely upon a universe in which everything is made of data. The imperative to capture all data, from all sources, by any means possible influences many key decisions about business models, political governance, and technological development. This article argues that many common practices of data accumulation should actually be understood in terms of data extraction, wherein data is taken with little regard for consent and compensation. By understanding data as a form capital, we can better analyse the meaning, practices, and implications of datafication as a political economic regime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718820549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T12:46:30Z","timestamp":1546951590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":712,"title":["When data is capital: Datafication, accumulation, and           extraction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jathan","family":"Sadowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney School of Architecture, Design and\r          Planning, Darlington, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr100-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Ackerman S and Thielman S (2016) US\n            intelligence chief: We might use the Internet of Things to spy on you. 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Available at: http:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10000872396390443995604578004723603576296\n            (accessed 28 February 2016)."},{"key":"bibr4-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276414566642"},{"key":"bibr5-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276416658104"},{"key":"bibr6-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2012.669449"},{"key":"bibr7-2053951718820549","volume":"29","author":"Barns S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fibreculture Journal"},{"key":"bibr8-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Bildt C (2015) EU should resist urge to\n            rig the rules of cyber space. 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Available at: https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/magazine\/2017\/10\/23\/a-washing-machine-that-tells-the-future\n            (accessed 23 October 2017)."},{"key":"bibr21-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276417715511"},{"key":"bibr22-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Deahl D (2017) Roombas have been busy\n            mapping our homes, and now that data could be shared.\n                      The Verge,\n                      24\n            July. Available at: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2017\/7\/24\/16021610\/irobot-roomba-homa-map-data-sale\n            (accessed 9 October 2017)."},{"key":"bibr109-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean J (2005) Communicative capitalism:\n            Circulation and the foreclosure of politics.\n                      Cultural Politics\n                      1(1):\n            51\u201374.","DOI":"10.2752\/174321905778054845"},{"key":"bibr23-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1142594"},{"key":"bibr24-2053951718820549","volume-title":"Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor","author":"Eubanks V","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr25-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fields D (2017) Urban struggles with\n            financialization.\n                      Geography Compass.\n                      11(11):\n          e12334.","DOI":"10.1111\/gec3.12334"},{"key":"bibr26-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster JB and McChesney RW (2014)\n            Surveillance capitalism: Monopoly-Finance capital, the military-industrial complex, and\n            the digital age.\n                      Monthly Review\n                      , 1 July. 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(2013)\n                      \u2018Raw Data\u2019\n              is an Oxymoron.\n                      Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9302.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr32-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31269\/triplec.v13i2.659"},{"key":"bibr33-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Gregory K (2014) Big Data, like Soylent\n            Green, is made of people. Available at: https:\/\/digitallabor.commons.gc.cuny.edu\/2014\/11\/05\/big-data-like-soylent-green-is-made-of-people\/\n            (accessed 9 October 2017)."},{"key":"bibr34-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071310020015280"},{"key":"bibr35-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Heinzmann D (2014) New sensors will scoop\n            up 'big data' on Chicago.\n                      Chicago Tribue\n                      , 23 June. 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Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QCgzrOUd_Dc (accessed 9 October\n            2017)."},{"key":"bibr41-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Kirk S (2018) Artificial intelligence\n            could yet upend the laws of finance.\n                      Financial Times\n                      , 22 January.\n            Available at: https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/8c263c06-fc70-11e7-9b32-d7d59aace167 (accessed\n            24 January 2018)."},{"key":"bibr42-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473909472"},{"key":"bibr43-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21681376.2014.983149"},{"key":"bibr44-2053951718820549","volume-title":"Defining Financialization","author":"Konczal M","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr45-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/SER\/mwi008"},{"key":"bibr46-2053951718820549","volume-title":"Who Owns the Future?","author":"Lanier J","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr47-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132511411231"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr48-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.22230\/cjc.2015v40n4a2928","volume":"40","author":"Levenda A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr49-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Lohr S (2018) Facial recognition is\n            accurate, if you're a white guy.\n                      The New York Times\n                      , 9 February.\n            Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/02\/09\/technology\/facial-recognition-race-artificial-intelligence.html\n            (accessed 12 September 2018)."},{"key":"bibr50-2053951718820549","volume-title":"The Accumulation of Capital","author":"Luxemburg R","year":"1951"},{"key":"bibr51-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/697318"},{"key":"bibr52-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Madrigal AC (2012) Reading the privacy\n            policies you encounter in a year would take 76 work days.\n                      The Atlantic,\n                      1 March. 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London: Penguin Classics."},{"key":"bibr56-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09502386.2017.1303425"},{"key":"bibr57-2053951718820549","volume-title":"Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital","author":"Moore JW","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr58-2053951718820549","author":"Morozov E","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"bibr59-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31269\/triplec.v14i1.737"},{"key":"bibr60-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479833641.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr61-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3726\/978-1-4539-1717-6"},{"key":"bibr62-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Novak M (2018) Amazon patents wristband to\n            track hand movements of warehouse employees.\n                      Gizmodo\n                      , 31 January.\n            Available at: https:\/\/gizmodo.com\/amazon-patents-wristband-to-track-hand-movements-of-war-1822590549?IR=T\n            (accessed 1 February 2018)."},{"key":"bibr63-2053951718820549","unstructured":"OracleANZ (2015) What is data capital.\n                      YouTube,\n                      24 September. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ffMi-JwotiM (accessed 9 October\n            2017)."},{"key":"bibr64-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Oracle and MIT Technology Review Custom\n            (2016)\n                      The rise of data capital\n                      . Available at: http:\/\/files.technologyreview.com\/whitepapers\/MIT_Oracle+Report-\n              The_Rise_of_Data_Capital.pdf (accessed 9 October\n          2017)."},{"key":"bibr65-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674736061"},{"key":"bibr66-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132516673241"},{"key":"bibr67-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243916650491"},{"key":"bibr68-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0896920513501350"},{"key":"bibr69-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9302.003.0003"},{"key":"bibr70-2053951718820549","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"Rossiter N","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Fibreculture Journal"},{"key":"bibr71-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v20i7.5903"},{"key":"bibr72-2053951718820549","volume-title":"Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World","author":"Schneier B","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr73-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203145791"},{"key":"bibr74-2053951718820549","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijlit\/eax010"},{"key":"bibr75-2053951718820549","unstructured":"Siemens (2014) Siemens smart data.\n                      YouTube\n                      , 4 September. 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Available at:\n              http:\/\/www.faz.net\/aktuell\/feuilleton\/debatten\/the-digital-debate\/shoshana-zuboff-secrets-of-surveillance-capitalism-14103616.html\n            (accessed 9 October 2017)."}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2053951718820549","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2053951718820549","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2053951718820549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:57:45Z","timestamp":1777381065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2053951718820549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2053951718820549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951718820549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"article-number":"2053951718820549"}}