{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:28:57Z","timestamp":1783038537346,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014236","name":"UC Berkeley Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014236","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The harvesting of data about people, organizations, and things and their transformation into a form of capital is often described as a process of \u201caccumulation by dispossession,\u201d a pervasive loss of rights buttressed by predatory practices and legal violence. Yet this argument does not square well with the fact that enrollment into digital systems is often experienced (and presented by companies) as a much more benign process: signing up for a \u201cfree\u201d service, responding to a \u201cfriend\u2019s\u201d invitation, or being encouraged to \u201cshare\u201d content. In this paper, we focus on the centrality of gifting and reciprocity to the business model and cultural imagination of digital capitalism. Relying on historical narratives and in-depth interviews with the designers and critics of digital systems, we explain the cultural genesis of these \u201cgive-to-get\u201d relationships and analyze the socio-technical channels that structure them in practice. We suggest that the economic relation that develops as a result of a digital gift offering not only masks the structural asymmetry between giver and gifted but also permits the creation of the new commodity of personal data, obfuscates its true value, and naturalizes its private appropriation. We call this unique regime \u201caccumulation by gift.\u201d<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719897092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]],"date-time":"2020-02-03T06:47:49Z","timestamp":1580712469000},"page":"205395171989709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["A Maussian bargain: Accumulation by gift in the digital economy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4821-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Fourcade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5970-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel N","family":"Kluttz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1465"},{"key":"bibr2-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520950221"},{"key":"bibr3-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Free: The Future of a Radical Price","author":"Anderson C","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr4-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pandp.20181003"},{"key":"bibr5-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368431017717368"},{"key":"bibr8-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107590205.004"},{"key":"bibr10-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/231087"},{"key":"bibr11-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444812462853"},{"key":"bibr12-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674545878"},{"key":"bibr13-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2575.2001.00111.x"},{"key":"bibr14-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511812507"},{"key":"bibr15-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Pascalian Meditations","author":"Bourdieu P","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr16-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage","author":"Bruns A","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr17-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195394078.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr18-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology","author":"Chesbrough HW","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr19-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716640566"},{"key":"bibr21-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951715624935"},{"key":"bibr22-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0170840612470228"},{"key":"bibr23-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674985995"},{"key":"bibr24-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10767.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr25-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316536421"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr26-2053951719897092","first-page":"1369","volume":"117","author":"Elvy S-A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Columbia Law Review"},{"key":"bibr29-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262035927.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr30-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-155860643-2\/50011-1"},{"key":"bibr31-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ser\/mwx032"},{"key":"bibr32-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aos.2013.11.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr33-2053951719897092","first-page":"9","volume":"15","author":"Fourcade M","year":"2017","journal-title":"Socio-Economic Review"},{"key":"bibr34-2053951719897092","first-page":"1983","volume":"2015","author":"Frosio GF","year":"2015","journal-title":"Michigan State Law Review"},{"key":"bibr35-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v8i3.4165"},{"key":"bibr36-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-14681-8_17"},{"key":"bibr37-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5658.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr39-2053951719897092","volume-title":"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life","author":"Goffman E","year":"1959"},{"key":"bibr41-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1468795X13494719"},{"key":"bibr42-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley from Building a New Global Underclass","author":"Gray M","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr45-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2012.701656"},{"key":"bibr46-2053951719897092","unstructured":"Harvey D (2004) The new imperialism: accumulation by dispossession.\n                      Socialist Register\n                      40: 63\u201387."},{"key":"bibr47-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/rdm.036.0071"},{"key":"bibr49-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Labor in the Global Digital Economy: The Cybertariat Comes of Age","author":"Huws U","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr51-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9715.003.0017","volume-title":"Networked Affect","author":"Jarrett K","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr53-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2017.1418016"},{"key":"bibr55-2053951719897092","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Communities in Cyberspace","author":"Kollock P","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr57-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Who Owns the Future","author":"Lanier J","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr60-2053951719897092","volume-title":"The Elementary Structures of Kinship","author":"L\u00e9vi-Strauss C","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr61-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution","author":"Levy S","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr63-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01721.x"},{"key":"bibr65-2053951719897092","volume-title":"The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies","author":"Mauss M","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr67-2053951719897092","volume-title":"The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths","author":"Mazzucato M","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr68-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122415609730"},{"key":"bibr71-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444804041445"},{"key":"bibr73-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Cities of Knowledge. Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley","author":"O\u2019Mara M","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr74-2053951719897092","volume-title":"The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America","author":"O\u2019Mara M","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr76-2053951719897092","first-page":"1989","volume":"6","author":"Papacharissi Z","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr77-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1050.0400"},{"key":"bibr79-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951714564228"},{"key":"bibr80-2053951719897092","volume-title":"The Great Transformation","author":"Polanyi K","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr81-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23943\/9781400889457"},{"key":"bibr82-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1254268"},{"key":"bibr83-2053951719897092","volume-title":"The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier the Edge","author":"Rheingold H","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr84-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1469540509354673"},{"key":"bibr85-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/154247603322493212"},{"key":"bibr86-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276415619474"},{"key":"bibr88-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Being and Nothingness: An Essay in Phenomenological Ontology","author":"Sartre J-P","year":"1956"},{"key":"bibr89-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128","author":"Saxenian A","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr91-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951717738104"},{"key":"bibr92-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.1060.0254"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr93-2053951719897092","first-page":"39","volume":"16","author":"Srinivasan D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Berkeley Business Law Journal"},{"key":"bibr94-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29012\/jpc.v4i2.620"},{"key":"bibr95-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/01642472-18-2_63-33"},{"key":"bibr96-2053951719897092","volume-title":"Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness","author":"Thaler RH","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr97-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263775816633195"},{"key":"bibr99-2053951719897092","volume-title":"The Third Wave","author":"Toffler A","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr100-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226817439.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr101-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444808099575"},{"key":"bibr102-2053951719897092","volume-title":"How Marketers Are Misrepresenting American Consumers and Opening Them up to Exploitation","author":"Turow J","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr104-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716654173"},{"key":"bibr108-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2333.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr109-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1186713"},{"key":"bibr111-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeg\/2.2.151"},{"key":"bibr112-2053951719897092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2015.5"}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2053951719897092","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2053951719897092","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2053951719897092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:57:53Z","timestamp":1777381073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2053951719897092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2053951719897092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951719897092","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}}}