{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T20:15:54Z","timestamp":1778444154065,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009572","name":"Universit\u00e4t St. Gallen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postdoctoral Fellowship Nr. 1031564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral Fellowship Nr. 1031564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["275347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["275347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006447","name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Digital Society Initiative Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Digital Society Initiative Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["707404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["707404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The global Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in social and economic disruption unprecedented in the modern era. Many countries have introduced severe measures to contain the virus, including travel restrictions, public event bans, non-essential business closures and remote work policies. While digital technologies help governments and organizations to enforce protection measures, such as contact tracing, their rushed deployment and adoption also raises profound concerns about surveillance, privacy and data protection. This article presents two critical cases on digital surveillance technologies implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic and delineates the privacy implications thereof. We explain the contextual nature of privacy trade-offs during a pandemic and explore how regulatory and technical responses are needed to protect privacy in such circumstances. By providing a multi-disciplinary conversation on the value of privacy and data protection during a global pandemic, this article reflects on the implications digital solutions have for the future and raises the question of whether there is a way to have expedited privacy assessments that could anticipate and help mitigate adverse privacy implications these may have on society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720976680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T15:39:39Z","timestamp":1606837179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Innovation under pressure: Implications for data privacy during the Covid-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Gemma","family":"Newlands","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Centre for Internet and Society, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4389-6006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nordic Centre for Internet and Society, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Tam\u00f2-Larrieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FAA \u2013 Institute for Work and Employment Research, University of St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Digital Society Initiative, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard Fosch","family":"Villaronga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eLaw Center for Law and Digital Technologies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rehana","family":"Harasgama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B\u00e4r & Karrer Ag, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Scheitlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Protection Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Algorithmwatch (2020) ADM systems in the COVID-19 pandemic: A European perspective. Algorithmwatch, 1 September 2020. Available at: https:\/\/algorithmwatch.org\/en\/project\/automating-society-2020-covid19\/ (accessed 3 September 2020)."},{"key":"bibr2-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v12i2.5242"},{"key":"bibr3-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Balsari S, Buckee C, Khanna T (2020) Which Covid-19 data can you trust?\n                      Harvard Business Review\n                      , 8 May 2020. 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Available at: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.11511 (accessed 4 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr1112-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libert\u00e9s (CNIL) (2020) Coronavirus (Covid-19): les rappels de la CNIL sur la collecte de donn\u00e9es personnelles. Available at: https:\/\/www.cnil.fr\/fr\/coronavirus-covid-19-les-rappels-de-la-cnil-sur-la-collecte-de-donnees-personnelles (accessed 29 March 2020)."},{"key":"bibr12-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Corriere Della Sera (2020) Coronavirus, Regione: In Lombardia 2 mila contagiati in pi\u00f9. Non uscite, controlli anche su celle telefoniche. 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Available at: https:\/\/www.tagesspiegel.de\/wissen\/wie-breitet-sich-das-coronavirus-aus-rki-bekommt-handydaten-von-deutscher-telekom\/25655144.html (accessed 5 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr16-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Datatilsynet (2020) The Norwegian Data Protection Authority has imposed a temporary ban on Smittestopp contact tracing mobile application. Available at: https:\/\/www.datatilsynet.no\/en\/news\/2020\/the-norwegian-data-protection-authority-has-imposed-a-temporary-ban-on-smittestopp-contact-tracing-mobile-application\/ (accessed 30 September 2020)."},{"key":"bibr17-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1764136"},{"key":"bibr18-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819831321"},{"key":"bibr19-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0266(200010\/11)21:10\/11<1105::AID-SMJ133>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"bibr2011-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Etherington D and Lomas N (2020) Apple and Google update joint coronavirus tracing tech to improve user privacy and developer flexibility. TechCrunch, 24 April 2020. 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Available at: https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_statement_2020_processingpersonaldataandcovid-19_en.pdf (accessed 3 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr22-2053951720976680","unstructured":"European Data Protection Board, EDPB (2020b) Guidelines 3\/2019 on processing of personal data through video devices, Version 2.0, adopted on 29 January 2020. Available at: https:\/\/edpb.europa.eu\/sites\/edpb\/files\/files\/file1\/edpb_guidelines_201903_video_devices.pdf (accessed 3 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr23-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner, FDPIC (2020a) Updates - Datenschutzrechtlicher Rahmen bei der Eind\u00e4mmung des Coronavirus: Zugang des BAG zu visualisierten Daten der Swisscom datenschutzrechtlich erlaubt. 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Available at: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2004.10236 (accessed 9 June 2020)."},{"key":"bibr31-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Ghosh S (2020) Privacy activists fear the UK might spy on its own citizens to tackle COVID-19. Here\u2019s what we know.\n                      Business Insider\n                      . Available at: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/explainer-coronavirus-uk-phone-tracking-2020-3?IR=T (accessed 5 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr32-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Global Privacy Assembly (GPA) (2020) Statement by the GDP Executive Committee on the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. 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Available at: https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/19d90308-6858-11ea-a3c9-1fe6fedcca75 (accessed 4 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr37-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0889-1"},{"key":"bibr38-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermosilla M (2020) Rushed innovation: Evidence from drug licensing.\n                      Management Science\n                      Epub ahead of print 8 April 2020. DOI: 10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3530.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2019.3530"},{"key":"bibr39-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Hern A (2020) Ofqual\u2019s A-level algorithm: Why did it fail to make the grade?\n                      The Guardian\n                      , 21 August. Available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2020\/aug\/21\/ofqual-exams-algorithm-why-did-it-fail-make-grade-a-levels (accessed 2 October 2020)."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr40-2053951720976680","first-page":"439","volume":"79","author":"Hirsch DD","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maryland Law Review"},{"key":"bibr41-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Holmes A (2020) Employees at home are being photographed every 5 minutes by an always-on video service to ensure they\u2019re actually working - and the service is seeing a rapid expansion since the coronavirus outbreak.\n                      Business Insider Australia\n                      , 24 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com.au\/work-from-home-sneek-webcam-picture-5-minutes-monitor-video-2020-3 (accessed 6 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr4112-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) (2020) Data protection and coronavirus information hub. Available at: https:\/\/ico.org.uk\/global\/data-protection-and-coronavirus-information-hub\/ (accessed 13 April 2020)."},{"key":"bibr42-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0306-5251.2001.01416.x"},{"key":"bibr43-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Jones L (2020) \u2018I monitor my staff with software that takes screenshots\u2019.\n                      BBC\n                      , 29 September 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/business-54289152 (accessed 2 October 2020)."},{"key":"bibr44-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1996.9704071866"},{"key":"bibr45-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Kitchin R (2020) Using digital technologies to tackle the spread of the coronavirus: Panacea or folly? The Programmable City Working Paper 44. Available at: http:\/\/progcity.maynoothuniversity.ie\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Digital-tech-spread-of-coronavirus-Rob-Kitchin-PC-WP44.pdf (accessed 9 June 2020)."},{"key":"bibr46-2053951720976680","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv17260m2"},{"key":"bibr47-2053951720976680","volume-title":"The Shock Doctrine","author":"Klein N","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr48-2053951720976680","unstructured":"Kolkman D (2020) \u201cF**k the algorithm\u201d? What the world can learn from the UK\u2019s A-level grading fiasco.\n                      LSE Impact Blog\n                      , 26 August 2020. 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