{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T01:49:46Z","timestamp":1778291386609,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005959","name":"Knight Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005959","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013343","name":"Craig Newmark Philanthropies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["NRT award 1735095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRT award 1735095"]}]},{"name":"EU H2020","award":["101016233 \"PERISCOPE\""],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016233 \"PERISCOPE\""]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000185","name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-17-C-0094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-17-C-0094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000185","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The global spread of the novel coronavirus is affected by the spread of related misinformation\u2014the so-called COVID-19 Infodemic\u2014that makes populations more vulnerable to the disease through resistance to mitigation efforts. Here, we analyze the prevalence and diffusion of links to low-credibility content about the pandemic across two major social media platforms, Twitter and Facebook. We characterize cross-platform similarities and differences in popular sources, diffusion patterns, influencers, coordination, and automation. Comparing the two platforms, we find divergence among the prevalence of popular low-credibility sources and suspicious videos. A minority of accounts and pages exert a strong influence on each platform. These misinformation \u201csuperspreaders\u201d are often associated with the low-credibility sources and tend to be verified by the platforms. On both platforms, there is evidence of coordinated sharing of Infodemic content. The overt nature of this manipulation points to the need for societal-level solutions in addition to mitigation strategies within the platforms. However, we highlight limits imposed by inconsistent data-access policies on our capability to study harmful manipulations of information ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211013861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T02:58:48Z","timestamp":1620529128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["The COVID-19 Infodemic: Twitter versus Facebook"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4627-9273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Cheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory on Social Media, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pierri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory on Social Media, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pik-Mai","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory on Social Media, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9840-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Axelrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory on Social Media, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Torres-Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory on Social Media, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Bryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory on Social Media, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4384-2876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Menczer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory on Social Media, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168019848554"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3019600"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1092"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2018.1507784"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07761-2"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304567"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517211013861","author":"Broniatowski DA","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2007.09682"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16865"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73510-5"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517211013861","unstructured":"CrowdTangle Team (2020)\n                      CrowdTangle\n                      . 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(2020a) A first look at COVID-19 information and misinformation sharing on Twitter.\n                      arXiv:2003.13907\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr57-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42001-020-00093-6"},{"key":"bibr58-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026526"},{"key":"bibr59-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803470115"},{"key":"bibr60-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr61-20539517211013861","volume":"1","author":"Wilson T","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review"},{"key":"bibr62-20539517211013861","unstructured":"Wojcik S, Adam H (2019)\n                      Sizing up Twitter users\n                      . 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In: Proceedings of the ICWSM international workshop on cyber social threats."},{"key":"bibr66-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5460"},{"key":"bibr67-20539517211013861","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30461-X"}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517211013861","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517211013861","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517211013861","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517211013861","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:58:11Z","timestamp":1777381091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517211013861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517211013861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211013861","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"20539517211013861"}}