{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T18:31:03Z","timestamp":1775241063427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cabinet Office, Government of the United Kingdom"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Misinformation about the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a pressing societal challenge. Across two studies, one preregistered ( n<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091771 and n<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091777), we assess the efficacy of two \u2018prebunking\u2019 interventions aimed at improving people\u2019s ability to spot manipulation techniques commonly used in COVID-19 misinformation across three different languages (English, French and German). We find that Go Viral!, a novel five-minute browser game, (a) increases the perceived manipulativeness of misinformation about COVID-19, (b) improves people\u2019s attitudinal certainty (confidence) in their ability to spot misinformation and (c) reduces self-reported willingness to share misinformation with others. The first two effects remain significant for at least one week after gameplay. We also find that reading real-world infographics from UNESCO improves people\u2019s ability and confidence in spotting COVID-19 misinformation (albeit with descriptively smaller effect sizes than the game). Limitations and implications for fake news interventions are discussed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211013868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T12:52:59Z","timestamp":1620737579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Towards psychological herd immunity: Cross-cultural evidence for two prebunking interventions against COVID-19 misinformation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1480-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melisa","family":"Basol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8150-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Roozenbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1381-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon","family":"Berriche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sciences Po m\u00e9dialab, Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity, Paris, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8155-3066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatih","family":"Uenal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6604-3842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William P.","family":"McClanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0269-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander van der","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of the Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517211013868","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-019-0224-y"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517211013868","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24383"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517211013868","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751003758193"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517211013868","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751.2017.1307999"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517211013868","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.91"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517211013868","unstructured":"BBC News (2020) Coronavirus: The fake health advice you should ignore. 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