{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T19:38:19Z","timestamp":1783885099862,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["275347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["275347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial Intelligence-as-a-Service (AIaaS) empowers individuals and organisations to access AI on-demand, in either tailored or \u2018off-the-shelf\u2019 forms. However, institutional separation between development, training and deployment can lead to critical opacities, such as obscuring the level of human effort necessary to produce and train AI services. Information about how, where, and for whom AI services have been produced are valuable secrets, which vendors strategically disclose to clients depending on commercial interests. This article provides a critical analysis of how AIaaS vendors manipulate the visibility of human labour in AI production based on whether the vendor relies on paid or unpaid labour to fill interstitial gaps. Where vendors are able to occlude human labour in the organisational \u2018backstage,\u2019 such as in data preparation, validation or impersonation, they do so regularly, further contributing to ongoing techno-utopian narratives of AI hype. Yet, when vendors must co-produce the AI service with the client, such as through localised AI training, they must \u2018lift the curtain\u2019, resulting in a paradoxical situation of needing to both perpetuate dominant AI hype narratives while emphasising AI\u2019s mundane limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211016026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T04:22:42Z","timestamp":1621311762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Lifting the curtain: Strategic visibility of human labour in AI-as-a-Service"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0851-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gemma","family":"Newlands","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517211016026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20160696"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517211016026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309816819899410"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517211016026","volume-title":"The Overworked Consumer: Self-Checkouts, Supermarkets, and the Do-It-Yourself Economy","author":"Andrews CK","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517211016026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368431015594443"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517211016026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718819569"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517211016026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951716652159"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517211016026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670519894643"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517211016026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276411427744"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517211016026","unstructured":"Boost.ai (2018) AI Trainer: a job of the future. 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