{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T01:22:12Z","timestamp":1783560132601,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Engaging citizens with digital technology to co-create data, information and knowledge has widely become an important strategy for informing the policy response to COVID-19 and the \u2018infodemic\u2019 of misinformation in cyberspace. This move towards digital citizen participation aligns well with the United Nations\u2019 agenda to encourage the use of digital tools to enable data-driven, direct democracy. From data capture to information generation, and knowledge co-creation, every stage of the data lifecycle bears important considerations to inform policy and practice. Drawing on evidence of participatory policy and practice during COVID-19, we outline a framework for citizen \u2018e-participation\u2019 in knowledge co-creation across every stage of the policy cycle. We explore how coupling the generation of information with that of social capital can provide opportunities to collectively build trust in institutions, accelerate recovery and facilitate the \u2018e-society\u2019. We outline the key aspects of realising this vision of data-driven direct democracy by discussing several examples. Sustaining participatory knowledge co-creation beyond COVID-19 requires that local organisations and institutions (e.g. academia, health and welfare, government, business) incorporate adaptive learning mechanisms into their operational and governance structures, their integrated service models, as well as employing emerging social innovations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211019430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T08:56:02Z","timestamp":1621587362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Knowledge co-creation in participatory policy and practice: Building community through data-driven direct democracy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0081-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myron A","family":"Godinho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for eHealth, School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Borda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Digital Transformation of Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7190-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Kariotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Government, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6107-9881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea","family":"Molnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patty","family":"Kostkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Centre for Digital Public Health in Emergencies, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siaw-Teng","family":"Liaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for eHealth, School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JBIM-09-2018-0276"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Abreu Lopes C, Handforth C (2020) What Big Data means for smart cities. Available at: https:\/\/ourworld.unu.edu\/en\/what-big-data-means-for-smart-cities (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr3-20539517211019430","volume-title":"Exit through the App Store: A Rapid Evidence Review on the Technical Considerations and Societal Implications of Using Technology to Transition from the COVID-19 Crisis.\u201d","author":"ADA Lovelace Institute","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517211019430","unstructured":"American Academy of Family Physicians (2020) Using telehealth to care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: www.aafp.org\/family-physician\/patient-care\/current-hot-topics\/recent-outbreaks\/covid-19\/covid-19-telehealth.html (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr41-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Australian Government National Skills Commission (2020)\n                      Impact of COVID-19 on Australian businesses\n                      , 3rd edn. Available at: https:\/\/www.nationalskillscommission.gov.au\/news\/news-centre\/impact-covid-19-australian-businesses-part-three"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health (2020a) Coronavirus (COVID-19) health alert. Available at: www.health.gov.au\/news\/health-alerts\/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alert (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr6-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health (2020b) COVID-19 support. Available at: https:\/\/headtohealth.gov.au\/mental-health-difficulties\/covid-19-ongoing-impact\/covid-19-support (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr7-20539517211019430","volume-title":"COVIDSafe App","author":"Australian Government Department of Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106424"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853109X436847"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooz052"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borda A, Molnar A, Kostkova P (2019) Serious games and participatory research in public health. In:\n                      Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Digital Public Health\n                      , Marseille, France: Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, United States, 20-23 November 2019, pp.133\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3357729.3357762","DOI":"10.1145\/3357729.3357762"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2014-102374"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203422106"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517211019430","unstructured":"CoVent-19 Challenge (2020) CoVent-19 challenge. Available at: www.coventchallenge.com\/ (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr15-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Datavant (2020) Pandemic response Hackathon. Available at: https:\/\/datavant.com\/pandemic-response-hackathon\/ (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr16-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2016.1227000"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003188"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godinho MA, Ashraf MM, Narasimhan P, et\u00a0al. (2020a) Community Health Alliances as social enterprises that digitally engage citizens and integrate services: A case study in Southwestern Sydney (protocol).\n                      Digital Health\n                      . Epub ahead of print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2F2055207620930118","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207620930118"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjstel-2020-000606"},{"key":"bibr20-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30188-3"},{"key":"bibr21-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godinho MA, Murthy S, Mohammed CA (2020c) Fostering global health policy leadership through world health assembly simulations: Debating climate change and health.\n                      Health Promotion International\n                      . Epub ahead of print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/daaa087","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daaa087"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517211019430","unstructured":"GovLab (2020a) The 100 initiative. Available at: https:\/\/the100questions.org\/ (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr23-20539517211019430","unstructured":"GovLab (2020b) A call for action. Available at: https:\/\/thegovlab.org\/static\/files\/publications\/ACallForActionCOVID19.pdf (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr24-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11555.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr25-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Group of Eight Australia (2020)\n                      COVID-19 roadmap to recovery: A report for the nation\n                      . Group of Eight Australia, Australia."},{"key":"bibr26-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Hack Club (2020)\n                      #BuildforCOVID19 global online Hackathon\n                      . Available at: https:\/\/covidglobalhackathon.com\/ (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr27-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21582041.2020.1833234"},{"key":"bibr28-20539517211019430","unstructured":"International Association for Public Participation (2020) 3 pillars for effective public participation. Available at: https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/www.iap2.org\/resource\/resmgr\/Communications\/A3_P2_Pillars_brochure.pdf (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr29-20539517211019430","first-page":"43","volume":"125","author":"Jann W","year":"2007","journal-title":"Handbook of Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, Methods"},{"key":"bibr30-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kariotis T, Ball MP, Tzovaras BG, et\u00a0al. (2020) Emerging health data platforms: From individual control to collective data governance.\n                      Data Policy\n                      . Epub ahead of print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/dap.2020.14","DOI":"10.1017\/dap.2020.14"},{"key":"bibr31-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khemani S (2020) An opportunity to build legitimacy and trust in public institutions in the time of COVID-19. Epub ahead of print. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/33715","DOI":"10.1596\/33715"},{"key":"bibr32-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40504-018-0078-x"},{"key":"bibr33-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00007"},{"key":"bibr34-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Le Blanc D (2020) E-participation: A quick overview of recent qualitative trends. Working Paper."},{"key":"bibr35-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaw S-T, Guo JGN, Ansari S, et\u00a0al. (2020) Quality assessment of real-world data repositories across the data lifecycle \u2013 A literature review.\n                      Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association\n                      . Epub ahead of print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa340","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa340"},{"key":"bibr36-20539517211019430","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Liew A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Knowledge Management Practice"},{"key":"bibr37-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Liotta M (2020) New guidelines for telehealth consultations.\n                      newsGP\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr38-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Liu N, Chan H (2011) A social identity perspective on participation in virtual healthcare communities,\n                      International Conference on Information Systems 2011 Proceedings. 11\n                      , Shanghai, China. https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/icis2011\/proceedings\/onlinecommunity\/11"},{"key":"bibr39-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Liu S (2020) COVID-19 open innovation efforts. Available at: https:\/\/my.usgs.gov\/confluence\/display\/cdi\/COVID-19+Open+Innovation+Efforts (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr40-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micheli M, Ponti M, Craglia M, et\u00a0al. (2020) Emerging models of data governance in the age of datafication.\n                      Big Data & Society\n                      . Epub ahead of print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2F2053951720948087","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720948087"},{"key":"bibr42-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804772891"},{"key":"bibr43-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Open Forum (2020) Open forum. Available at: https:\/\/openforum.com.au\/ (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr44-20539517211019430","first-page":"36","volume":"20","author":"Salluh JIF","year":"2020","journal-title":"ICU Management & Practice"},{"key":"bibr45-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2020.29072.cys"},{"key":"bibr46-20539517211019430","unstructured":"Semantic Scholar (2020) CORD-19: COVID-19 open research dataset. Available at: https:\/\/semanticscholar.org\/cord19 (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr47-20539517211019430","volume-title":"Notes from the AI frontier: Tackling bias in AI (and in humans)","author":"Silberg J","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr48-20539517211019430","unstructured":"The Medical Futurist (2020) COVID-19 and the rise of Telemedicine [Online]. Available at: https:\/\/medicalfuturist.com\/covid-19-was-needed-for-telemedicine-to-finally-go-mainstream\/ (accessed 10 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr49-20539517211019430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirth FN, Johns M, Meurers T, et\u00a0al. (2020) Citizen-centered mobile health applications collecting individual-level spatial data for infectious disease management: A scoping review.\n                      JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth\n                      . Epub ahead of print. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/22594","DOI":"10.2196\/preprints.22594"}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517211019430","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517211019430","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517211019430","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:58:13Z","timestamp":1777381093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517211019430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517211019430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211019430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"20539517211019430"}}