{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:11:55Z","timestamp":1784131915636,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011730","name":"Templeton World Charity Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TWCF0321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TWCF0321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Duke Bass Connections"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Big Data and Artificial Intelligence have a symbiotic relationship. Artificial Intelligence needs to be trained on Big Data to be accurate, and Big Data's value is largely realized through its use by Artificial Intelligence. As a result, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence practices are tightly intertwined in real life settings, as are their impacts on society. Unethical uses of Artificial Intelligence are therefore a Big Data problem, at least to some degree. Efforts to address this problem have been dominated by the documentation of Ethical Artificial Intelligence principles and the creation of technical tools that address specific aspects of those principles. However, there is mounting evidence that Ethical Artificial Intelligence principles and technical tools have little impact on the Artificial Intelligence that is created in practice, sometimes in very public ways. The goal of this commentary is to highlight four interconnected areas society can invest in to close this Ethical Artificial Intelligence publication-to-practice gap, maximizing the positive impact Artificial Intelligence and Big Data have on society. For Ethical Artificial Intelligence to become a reality, I argue that these areas need to be addressed holistically in a way that acknowledges their interdependencies. Progress will require iteration, compromise, and transdisciplinary collaboration, but the result of our investments will be the realization of Artificial Intelligence's and Big Data's tremendous potential for social good, in practice rather than in just our hopes and aspirations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211040197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T12:57:54Z","timestamp":1631710674000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Four investment areas for ethical AI: Transdisciplinary opportunities to close the publication-to-practice gap"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0066-761X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jana","family":"Schaich Borg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517211040197","unstructured":"Bennear LS, Wiener JB (2019) Adaptive regulation: instrument choice for policy learning over time. working draft paper obtained from https:\/\/www.hks.harvard.edu\/."},{"key":"bibr2-20539517211040197","volume-title":"A call for universities to develop requirements for community engagement in AI research","author":"Black E","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-020-00002-7"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/CDI-08-2016-0136"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101475"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517211040197","unstructured":"Clark J, Hadfield GK (2019) Regulatory markets for AI safety.\n                      arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.00078\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr7-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015151"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517211040197","first-page":"192","volume-title":"An ecosystem approach to ethical AI and data use: experimental reflections","author":"Findlay M","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gogoll J, Zuber N, Kacianka S, et al. (2020) Ethics in the software development process: from codes of conduct to ethical deliberation.\n                      arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.03016\n                      .","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-021-00451-w"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206319892669"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-020-00008-1"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517211040197","volume-title":"Machine learning practices outside big tech: how resource constraints hinder responsible development","author":"Hopkins A","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517211040197","unstructured":"Kharpal A (2020) Big tech\u2019s calls for more regulation offers a chance for them to increase their power.\n                      CNBC\n                      , Jan 28, 2020."},{"key":"bibr14-20539517211040197","volume-title":"The Term \u2018Ethical AI\u2019 is Finally Starting to Mean Something","author":"Kind C","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517211040197","volume-title":"The landscape and gaps in open source fairness toolkits","author":"Lee MSA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr16-20539517211040197","first-page":"84","volume":"98","author":"Lundberg A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-0214-1"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00165-5"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780198733522.013.26","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity","author":"Pohl C","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr20-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449081."},{"key":"bibr21-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiff D, Rakova B, Ayesh A, et al. (2021) Explaining the principles to practices gap in AI.\n                      IEEE Technology and Society Magazine\n                      40(2): 81\u201394.","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2021.3056286"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40592-018-0082-1"},{"key":"bibr23-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12073"},{"key":"bibr24-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-020-00277-3"},{"key":"bibr25-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-020-00037-w"},{"key":"bibr26-20539517211040197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-01369-5_7"},{"key":"bibr27-20539517211040197","unstructured":"Thompson DF (2007) What is practical ethics? 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