{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T18:26:45Z","timestamp":1781720805230,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["639652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["639652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["875255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["875255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Online Labour Index (OLI) was launched in 2016 to measure the global utilisation of online freelance work at scale. Five years after its creation, the OLI has become a point of reference for scholars and policy experts investigating the online gig economy. As the market for online freelancing work matures, a high volume of data and new analytical tools allow us to revisit half a decade of online freelance monitoring and extend the index's scope to more dimensions of the global online freelancing market. While (still) measuring the utilisation of online labour across countries and occupations by tracking the number of projects and tasks posted on major English-language platforms, the new Online Labour Index 2020 (OLI 2020) also tracks Spanish- and Russian-language platforms, reveals changes over time in the geography of labour supply and estimates female participation in the online gig economy. The rising popularity of software and tech work and the concentration of freelancers on the Indian subcontinent are examples of the insights that the OLI 2020 provides. The OLI 2020 delivers a more detailed picture of the world of online freelancing via an interactive online visualisation updated daily. It provides easy access to downloadable open data for policymakers, labour market researchers, and the general public ( www.onlinelabourobservatory.org ).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211043240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T13:03:58Z","timestamp":1631711038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Online Labour Index 2020: New ways to measure the world\u2019s remote freelancing market"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0713-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Stephany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"K\u00e4ssi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETLA, Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vili","family":"Lehdonvirta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bibr1-20539517211043240","volume":"9","author":"Blevins C","year":"2015","journal-title":"DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borchert K, Hirth M, Kummer ME, et al. (2018) Unemployment and online labor. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (18-023). https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3178692","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3178692"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2021.101974"},{"key":"bibr3a-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1761857"},{"key":"bibr3b-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braesemann F, Stephany F, Teutloff O, et al. (2020) The polarisation of remote work. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3913257","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3919655"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439319895757"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1832"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hjort J., Jonas P (2019) The arrival of fast Internet and employment in Africa. American Economic Review 109 (3): 1032\u20131079.","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20161385"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horton J, Kerr WR, Stanton C (2018) \u201c3. Digital Labor Markets and Global Talent Flows\u201d. In: Hanson GH, Kerr WR and Turner S (eds).\n                      High-Skilled Migration to the United States and Its Economic Consequences\n                      . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 71\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7208\/9780226525662-004","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226525662.003.0003"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.07.056"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e4ssi O, Lehdonvirta V, Stephany F (2021). How many online workers are there in the world? A data-driven assessment. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.12648","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/78nge"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/polp.12277"},{"key":"bibr10a-20539517211043240","volume-title":"The Global Opportunity in Online Outsourcing","author":"Kuek SC","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15173\/glj.v11i3.4138"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517211043240","unstructured":"Pesole A, Urz\u00ed Brancati MC, Fern\u00e1ndez-Mac\u00edas E, et al. (2018) Platform Workers in Europe, EUR 29275 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, doi:10.2760\/742789, JRC112157."},{"key":"bibr13a-20539517211043240","unstructured":"Rani U, Kumar Dhir R, Furrer M, et al. (2021)\n                      World Employment and Social Outlook: The Role of Digital Labour Platforms in Transforming the World of Work\n                      . International Labour Organisation."},{"key":"bibr13-20539517211043240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tesg.12455"}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517211043240","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517211043240","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517211043240","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:58:20Z","timestamp":1777381100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517211043240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517211043240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517211043240","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"article-number":"20539517211043240"}}