{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:26:25Z","timestamp":1767666385159,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/V004980\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/V004980\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The technological solutions adopted during the current pandemic will have a lasting impact on our societies. Currently, COVID-19 health status certificates are being deployed around the world, including in Europe, the United States and China. When combined with identity verification, these digital and paper-based certificates allow individuals to prove their health status by showing recent COVID-19 tests results, full vaccination records or evidence of recovery from COVID-19. Most countries in the Global South, where vaccination rates are low, have not yet fully implemented such certificates, although several initiatives are currently underway. That is, for instance, the case in the African Union. Yet, it is not sufficient to develop technical solutions for the verification of COVID-19 health status. Because technologies do not evolve in a legal vacuum, the existing laws and regulations must be respected. The risks of implementing such technologies must be anticipated and mitigated as much as possible before any large-scale deployment. Risk mitigation should also underpin strategies throughout the deployment of these certificates. This article evaluates the key legal implications of COVID-19 health status certificates for data privacy and human rights. In doing so, it contributes to the current debates, thus informing policymakers in this area of vital national and international interest <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211069300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T15:27:08Z","timestamp":1643038028000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Taking stock of COVID-19 health status certificates: Legal implications for data privacy and human rights"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8037-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Beduschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Law School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Ada Lovelace Institute (2021a) International monitor: vaccine passports and COVID status apps. Retrieved from Ada Lovelace Institute: https:\/\/www.adalovelaceinstitute.org\/project\/international-monitor-vaccine-passports-covid-status-apps\/."},{"volume-title":"Checkpoints for Vaccine Passports","author":"Ada Lovelace Institute","key":"bibr2-20539517211069300"},{"volume-title":"Digital Health Passports for COVID-19: Data Privacy and Human Rights Law","year":"2020","author":"Beduschi A","key":"bibr3-20539517211069300"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517211069300","unstructured":"CommonPass. (2021) CommonPass. Retrieved from The Commons Project Foundation: https:\/\/commonpass.org\/."},{"volume-title":"Protection of Human Rights and the \u201cVaccine Pass\u201d","year":"2021","author":"Council of Europe","key":"bibr5-20539517211069300"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers, 21A06126 (GU Serie Generale n.246 del 14-10-2021 October 12, 2021)."},{"key":"bibr7-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Edwards L (2021) Part 1: The Great Vaccination Passports Debate: \u201cID Cards on Steroids\u201d or the Rational Way Forward? British Institute of International and Comparative Law. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.biicl.org\/blog\/22\/part-1-the-great-vaccination-passports-debate-id-cards-on-steroids-or-the-rational-way-forward?preview\u2009=\u2009true&cookiesset\u2009=\u20091&ts\u2009=\u20091624883298."},{"key":"bibr8-20539517211069300","unstructured":"European Parliament, Question for written answer E-004275\/2021 (European Parliament September 16, 2021)."},{"key":"bibr9-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Gaughram v. UK, 45245\/15 (European Court of Human Rights February 13, 2020)."},{"key":"bibr10-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Good Health Pass (2021) Good Health Pass Collaborative. Retrieved from Good Health Pass : https:\/\/www.goodhealthpass.org\/."},{"volume-title":"COVID-Status Certification Review: Report","year":"2021","author":"HM Government","key":"bibr11-20539517211069300"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517211069300","unstructured":"IATA. (2021) IATA Travel Pass Initative. Retrieved from International Air Transport Association (IATA): https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/programs\/passenger\/travel-pass\/."},{"key":"bibr13-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Illmer A (2021, January 5) Singapore reveals Covid privacy data available to police. BBC News."},{"key":"bibr14-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Kennedy v. UK, 26839\/05 (European Court of Human Rights May 18, 2010)."},{"key":"bibr15-20539517211069300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01451-0"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Law n\u00b0 2021-1040, Loi relative \u00e0 la gestion de la crise sanitaire (JORF 181 August 5, 2021)."},{"key":"bibr17-20539517211069300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ojls\/gql030"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517211069300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01459-7"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Malone v. UK, 8691\/79 (European Court of Human Rights August 2, 1984)."},{"key":"bibr20-20539517211069300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01122-8"},{"volume-title":"Twelve Criteria for the Development and use of COVID-19 Vaccine Passports","year":"2021","author":"Mills M","key":"bibr21-20539517211069300"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517211069300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-01762-w"},{"key":"bibr23-20539517211069300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31034-5"},{"volume-title":"Part 2: Getting Digital Health Passports Right? Legal, Ethical and Equality Considerations","year":"2021","author":"Pietropaoli I","key":"bibr24-20539517211069300"},{"volume-title":"The Looming Disaster of Immunity Passports and Digital Identity","year":"2020","author":"Privacy International","key":"bibr25-20539517211069300"},{"key":"bibr26-20539517211069300","unstructured":"Roman Zakharov v. 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