{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:21:52Z","timestamp":1760710912715,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206194","213579\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206194","213579\/Z\/18\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Growing interest is being directed to the health applications of so-called \u2018passive data\u2019 collected through wearables and sensors without active input by users. High promises are attached to passive data and their potential to unlock new insights into health and illness, but as researchers and commentators have noted, this mode of data gathering also raises fundamental questions regarding the subject's agency, autonomy and privacy. To explore how these tensions are negotiated in practice, we present and discuss findings from an interview study with 30 members of the public in the UK and Italy, which examined their views and experiences of the coronavirus disease 2019 contact tracing apps as a large-scale, high-impact example of digital health technology using passive data. We argue that, contrary to what the phrasing \u2018passive data\u2019 suggests, passivity is not a quality of specific modes of data collection but is contingent on the very practices that the technology is supposed to unobtrusively capture. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221091138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T04:45:52Z","timestamp":1650516352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Understanding \u2018passivity\u2019 in digital health through imaginaries and experiences of coronavirus disease 2019 contact tracing apps"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3761-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Connecting Science, Engagement and Society, Cambridgeshire, Hinxton, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8770-2384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Connecting Science, Engagement and Society, Cambridgeshire, Hinxton, UK"},{"name":"Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science and the Public, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Ada Lovelace Institute (2020) COVID-19 digital contact tracing tracker. Available at: https:\/\/www.adalovelaceinstitute.org\/project\/Covid-19-digital-contact-tracing-tracker\/ (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr2-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180802270386"},{"issue":"370","key":"bibr3-20539517221091138","volume":"11","author":"Bott NT","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3394486.3412865"},{"volume-title":"Configuring the Networked Self: Law, Code, and the Play of Everyday Practice","year":"2012","author":"Cohen JE","key":"bibr5-20539517221091138"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.12.008"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0018-4"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720904112"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care (2020) Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/next-phase-of-nhs-coronavirus-covid-19-app-announced (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr10-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055207619845546"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.10.1477"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Galasso I (2020) Solidarity in times of a pandemic \u2013 Irish overview (from 1st round of interviews). Available at: https:\/\/misfires.ucd.ie\/covid-19-study\/ (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr13-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30137-0"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Heneghan C (2020) Early findings from fitbit COVID-19 study suggest fitbit devices can identify signs of disease at its earliest stages. Available at: https:\/\/blog.fitbit.com\/early-findings-covid-19-study\/ (accessed 30 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr15-20539517221091138","first-page":"1","author":"Hoffman AS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethics and Information Technology"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Immuni (n.d.) Available at: https:\/\/www.immuni.italia.it\/dashboard.html (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr17-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300508"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226666938.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Kieslich K, El-Sayed S, Haddad C, et al. (2020) From new forms of community to fatigue: how the discourse about the COVID-19 crisis has changed. Solidarity in times of a pandemic (SolPan) Blog. Available at: https:\/\/digigov.univie.ac.at\/solidarity-in-times-of-a-pandemic-solpan\/solpan-blog-english\/blog-posts\/news\/from-new-forms-of-community-to-fatigue-how-the-discourse-about-the-covid-19-crisis-has-changed-1\/?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=8a5c34534be62ffe5c578d6721435eeb (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr20-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2020.100054"},{"key":"bibr21-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818755650"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03518-4"},{"key":"bibr23-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816675438"},{"key":"bibr24-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276419894053"},{"key":"bibr124-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951721995218"},{"key":"bibr25-20539517221091138","first-page":"1","author":"Lucivero F","year":"2021","journal-title":"Critical Public Health"},{"key":"bibr26-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2012.6"},{"key":"bibr27-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/sth.2013.10"},{"key":"bibr28-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315648835"},{"key":"bibr29-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718786314"},{"volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Sociology and Digital media","year":"2020","author":"Lupton D","key":"bibr30-20539517221091138"},{"key":"bibr31-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.06.015"},{"key":"bibr32-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-018-0075-8"},{"key":"bibr33-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01578-0"},{"key":"bibr34-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.01.001"},{"key":"bibr35-20539517221091138","first-page":"1784","volume":"8","author":"Nafus D","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr36-20539517221091138","unstructured":"NHS (n.d.) Covid-19 app stats. Available at: https:\/\/stats.app.covid19.nhs.uk\/ (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr37-20539517221091138","unstructured":"NHS Covid-19 App (2020) Protect the ones you love. Get the app. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-wqd1k763fo&t=60s (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr38-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10253866.2014.899213"},{"key":"bibr39-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-106314"},{"volume-title":"The new Public Health: Health and Self in the age of Risk","year":"1996","author":"Petersen A","key":"bibr40-20539517221091138"},{"key":"bibr41-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479814879.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr42-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3167\/dt.2020.070215"},{"key":"bibr43-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri (2020) Campagna di comunicazione: app immuni \u201cpi\u00f9 siamo e meglio siamo\u201d (public campaign: immuni app \u201cthe more we are, the better we are\u201d). Available at: https:\/\/www<\/PUBNAME>governo.it\/it\/media\/campagna-di-comunicazione-app-immuni-pi-siamo-e-meglio-stiamo\/15111#:\u223c:text=La%20campagna%20di%20comunicazione%20%E2%80%9CPi%C3%B9,con%20persone%20diagnosticate%20positive%20al (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr44-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8676.12819"},{"key":"bibr45-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Public Health England (2020) Weekly Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) surveillance report: Summary of COVID-19 surveillance systems. Available at: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/923668\/Weekly_COVID19_Surveillance_Report_week_40.pdf (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr46-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1123-x"},{"key":"bibr47-20539517221091138","unstructured":"RaiPlay (2020, March 8) Che Tempo Che Fa. Available at: https:\/\/www.raiplay.it\/video\/2020\/03\/Che-tempo-che-fara-e9b0d7d2-5fa6-4ff8-a051-012513899c65.html (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr48-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1822"},{"key":"bibr49-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Ruppert E (2018) Sociotechnical Imaginaries of Different Data Futures."},{"key":"bibr50-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/biosoc.2015.47"},{"key":"bibr51-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-016-0215-5"},{"key":"bibr52-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-020-09547-x"},{"key":"bibr53-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816636090"},{"key":"bibr54-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78355-6"},{"key":"bibr55-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.10.005"},{"key":"bibr56-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459319829957"},{"key":"bibr57-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Topol EJ (2015) The patient will see you now: the future of medicine is in your hands."},{"key":"bibr58-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12649"},{"key":"bibr59-20539517221091138","unstructured":"UK Government Cabinet Office (2020) Slides to accompany coronavirus press conference: 4 may 2020. Available at: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/883071\/2020-05-04_COVID-19_Press_Conference_Slides.pdf (accessed 29 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr60-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720918275"},{"key":"bibr61-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2020-107061"},{"key":"bibr62-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13179."},{"key":"bibr63-20539517221091138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25525"},{"key":"bibr64-20539517221091138","unstructured":"Zuboff S (2018) The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power."}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517221091138","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517221091138","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517221091138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T22:07:15Z","timestamp":1740953235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517221091138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517221091138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517221091138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2053-9517"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2053-9517"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"article-number":"20539517221091138"}}