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Microtargeting techniques facilitate the display of tailored advertisements to specific subsegments of society. Scholars worry that such techniques might cause political information to be displayed to only very small subgroups of citizens. Or that targeted communication about policy could make the mandate of elected representatives more challenging to interpret. Policy information in general and pledges, in particular, have received much scientific scrutiny. Scholars have focused largely on party manifestos, but policy information and pledges communicated via online advertisements offer a new arena with new dynamics. This study uses Facebook\u2019s ad library to describe how Dutch political campaigns advertise policy information and pledges in the run-up to the 2019 European Elections. The results show that much policy information is displayed to small subsegments of society. These findings provide evidence for concerns about pledge obfuscation, voter manipulation and mandate interpretation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221095433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T06:55:37Z","timestamp":1653893737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Beyond manifestos: Exploring how political campaigns use online advertisements to communicate policy information and pledges"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-4037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Dobber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Claes de","family":"Vreese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2010.00489.x"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12115"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3437963.3441801"},{"key":"bibr4-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123405000153"},{"key":"bibr5-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2389661.2389671"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2019.4.1446"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2011.00563.x"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2020.1.1460"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqx017"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517221095433","volume":"0","author":"Bevan S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comparative Agenda Project (CAP)"},{"key":"bibr56-20539517221095433","author":"Bond S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Financial Times"},{"key":"bibr11-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.12235"},{"key":"bibr12-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720935141"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600590933160"},{"key":"bibr14-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13501763.2017.1339730"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2017.4.777"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068816678893"},{"key":"bibr17-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0143814X15000124"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electstud.2019.04.005"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr20-20539517221095433","first-page":"437","volume":"26","author":"Duval D","year":"2018","journal-title":"Party Politics"},{"key":"bibr21-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41269-019-00141-8"},{"key":"bibr22-20539517221095433","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381613001461"},{"key":"bibr23-20539517221095433","unstructured":"Facebook Ad Manager (2021) Ad buying infrastructure Facebook. 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