{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T02:59:18Z","timestamp":1775703558357,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The rise of digital platforms is growingly acknowledged as a pivotal characteristic of contemporary capitalism. A subset of the literature on digital platforms scrutinized the political economy of platform companies, their data-driven business models along with the economic, social, and political consequences of platformization. Yet, this strand has been overwhelmingly interested in Big Tech companies in the United States and China. In this article, I aim to expand the geographical span of this emerging literature by scrutinizing platformization dynamics in Turkey, a middle-income country that has not been systematically examined so far along these lines. To this end, I present an assessment on the overall platform landscape in Turkey by focusing on three highlight digital platforms (Trendyol, Hepsiburada, and Getir). My analysis on the trajectory of these three platforms indicates the following. First, these platforms have exhibited meteoric growth rates and have risen among the most valuable companies in Turkey in a tremendously short period of time. Second, their aggressive growth strategies based on data extraction and network externalities have led to a strong monopolization drive. Third, they have rapidly expanded into adjacent business areas, transforming themselves into infrastructural components of the domestic economy, with profound impacts on production, trade, and labor relations. Fourth, they remain dependent on the infrastructure laid by Big Techs. These findings suggest that platformization is rapidly transforming economic landscapes other than the United States and China as well, yet in an uneven and dependent form, underlining the need to broaden the geographical focus of the concerned literature. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221124585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T06:03:22Z","timestamp":1664777002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["New geographies of platform capitalism: The case of digital monopolization in Turkey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5867-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melih","family":"Ye\u015filba\u011f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociology Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr2-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44563-8"},{"key":"bibr3-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Ayayd\u0131n A (2021a) ABD ve Avrupa\u2019ya giremeyen \u00c7inli Alibaba, Trendyol \u00fczerinden bu \u00fclkelere h\u0131zl\u0131 ad\u0131mlarla ko\u015fuyor. Available at: https:\/\/t24.com.tr\/yazarlar\/aydin-ayaydin\/abd-ve-avrupa-ya-giremeyen-cinli-alibaba-trendyol-uzerinden-bu-ulkelere-hizli-adimlarla-kosuyor,32726 (accessed 9 June 2022)."},{"key":"bibr4-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Ayayd\u0131n A (2021b) Trendyol, Rekabet Kurulu\u2019nun kapan\u0131na tak\u0131ld\u0131. Available at: https:\/\/t24.com.tr\/yazarlar\/aydin-ayaydin\/rekabet-kurulu-trendyol-u-ensesinden-yakaladi,32446 (accessed 9 June 2022)."},{"key":"bibr5-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309132514558441"},{"key":"bibr6-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12075.003.0005","volume-title":"Assetization: Turning Things into Assets in Technoscientific Capitalism","author":"Beauvisage T","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr7-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951719885967"},{"key":"bibr8-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211017308"},{"key":"bibr9-20539517221124585","volume":"57","author":"Blakeley G","year":"2021","journal-title":"Socialist Register"},{"key":"bibr10-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Bloomberg (2021a) First Turkish Firm to IPO on Nasdaq Hits $3.9 Billion Value. Bloomberg.com, 1 July. Available at: https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-07-01\/hepsiburada-valued-at-3-9-billion-in-turkey-s-debut-nasdaq-ipo (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr11-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Bloomberg (2021b) Trendyol Seeks Over $1 Billion to Be Largest Turkish Startup. Bloomberg.com, 26 April. Available at: https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-04-26\/alibaba-backed-trendyol-seeks-over-1-billion-to-fund-growth (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr12-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ser\/mwaa055"},{"key":"bibr13-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Bradshaw T (2021) Getir valuation triples to $7.5bn as investors chase grocery app craze. Financial Times, 4 June. Available at: https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/3acc197c-cd81-4b3b-a19b-32e58fc687e7 (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr14-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720935141"},{"key":"bibr15-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09692290.2016.1262446"},{"key":"bibr16-20539517221124585","unstructured":"CBDDO (2021) T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Dijital D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Ofisi. Available at: https:\/\/cbddo.gov.tr\/ (accessed 23 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr17-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429279829-8"},{"key":"bibr18-20539517221124585","first-page":"23","author":"Cole M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Socialist Register"},{"key":"bibr19-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Crunchbase (n.d.) Getir - funding, financials, valuation & investors. Available at: https:\/\/www.crunchbase.com\/organization\/getir\/company_financials (accessed 13 July 2022)."},{"key":"bibr20-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amp.2015.0067"},{"key":"bibr21-20539517221124585","first-page":"20","volume":"15","author":"Davis M","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr22-20539517221124585","first-page":"67","volume":"12","author":"Dazzi D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Italian Labour Law e-Journal"},{"key":"bibr350-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Deloitte (2020) T\u00fcrkiye'de E-Ticaret 2019 Pazar B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. Deloitte T\u00fcrkiye. Available at: https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/tr\/tr\/pages\/technology-media-and-telecommunications\/articles\/turkiyede-e-ticaret-2019-pazar-buyuklugu.html (accessed 21 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr23-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/asr.2013.82"},{"key":"bibr24-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Durdak A (2020) Trendyol\u2019dan koronovir\u00fcsle m\u00fccadeleye 6 milyon liral\u0131k destek. Available at: https:\/\/www.aa.com.tr\/tr\/ekonomi\/trendyoldan-koronovirusle-mucadeleye-6-milyon-liralik-destek\/1786538 (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr25-20539517221124585","unstructured":"D\u00fcnya (2021) Rekabet\u2019ten Trendyol\u2019a soru\u015fturma - D\u00fcnya Gazetesi. D\u00fcnya Gazetesi, 11 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.dunya.com\/ekonomi\/rekabetten-trendyola-sorusturma-haberi-636231 (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr26-20539517221124585","unstructured":"E-Ticaret Bilgi Platformu (2021) \u0130statistikler. Available at: https:\/\/www.eticaret.gov.tr\/ (accessed 23 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr27-20539517221124585","volume-title":"Matchmakers: The New Economics of Multisided Platforms","author":"Evans DS","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr28-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479854608.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr29-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Fernandez R, Adriaans I, Klinge TJ, et al. (2020) Engineering digital monopolies. The financialisation of Big Tech. December. Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen."},{"key":"bibr30-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315142876-19"},{"key":"bibr31-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ser\/mww033"},{"key":"bibr32-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01292986.2015.1041537"},{"key":"bibr33-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Gen\u00e7 K (2020) Inside the Turkish start-up that wants to be your \u201cpersonal butler\u201d. Available at: https:\/\/restofworld.org\/2020\/turkey-getir-grocery-delivery\/ (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr34-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2218\/finsoc.v5i2.4135"},{"key":"bibr35-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3431033"},{"issue":"0","key":"bibr36-20539517221124585","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"Hendrikse R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science as Culture"},{"key":"bibr37-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Hepsiburada (2021) Quarterly results - Hepsiburada. Available at: https:\/\/investors.hepsiburada.com\/en\/financials\/quarterly-results (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr38-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Hootsuite (2021) Digital 2021: the latest insights into the \u2018state of digital\u2019. 27 January. Available at: https:\/\/wearesocial.com\/uk\/blog\/2021\/01\/digital-2021-the-latest-insights-into-the-state-of-digital\/ (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr39-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1748048517742783"},{"key":"bibr40-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22142312-12340078"},{"key":"bibr41-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-3234-8.ch003","volume-title":"The Rise and Role of Africa\u2019s Platform Economy in Inclusive Development","author":"Johnson C","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr42-20539517221124585","first-page":"61","volume":"32","author":"Kenney M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Issues in Science and Technology"},{"key":"bibr43-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsaa001"},{"key":"bibr44-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305119880174"},{"key":"bibr45-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473909472"},{"key":"bibr46-20539517221124585","first-page":"1\u201322","author":"Klinge TJ","year":"2022","journal-title":"Competition & Change"},{"key":"bibr47-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18400-1_26"},{"key":"bibr48-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306396818823172"},{"key":"bibr49-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2218\/finsoc.v3i1.1936"},{"key":"bibr50-20539517221124585","unstructured":"OECD (2019) Main science and technology indicators - OECD. Available at: https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/msti.htm (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr51-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cje\/bey046"},{"issue":"0","key":"bibr52-20539517221124585","first-page":"17","volume":"13","author":"Oyedemi TD","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr53-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17544750.2019.1572633"},{"key":"bibr54-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Polat AC (2022) Trendyol Express i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin kazan\u0131m\u0131 di\u011fer \u015firketlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131na \u00f6rnek oldu. Available at: https:\/\/www.cumhuriyet.com.tr\/ekonomi\/trendyol-express-iscilerinin-kazanimi-diger-sirketlerin-calisanlarina-ornek-oldu-1903388 (accessed 9 June 2022)."},{"key":"bibr55-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032329219838932"},{"key":"bibr56-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Reuters (2022) Fast delivery startup Getir closes funding round with $12 bln valuation. Reuters, 17 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/fast-delivery-startup-getir-closes-funding-round-with-12-bln-valuation-2022-03-17\/ (accessed 13 July 2022)."},{"key":"bibr57-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1024529420932418"},{"key":"bibr58-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2157930X.2020.1855825"},{"key":"bibr59-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0896920513501350"},{"key":"bibr60-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718820549"},{"key":"bibr61-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003603X20934212"},{"key":"bibr62-20539517221124585","unstructured":"SEC (2021) Hepsiburada Prospectus. Available at: https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/0001850235\/000110465921088134\/tm219600-13_424b4.htm#tBUS (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr63-20539517221124585","volume-title":"Platform Capitalism","author":"Srnicek N","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr64-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Statista (2021) eCommerce in Turkey 2021 Country Report. Country Report. Available at: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/study\/70416\/ecommerce-in-turkey\/ (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr65-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120933285"},{"key":"bibr66-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01708406211030681"},{"key":"bibr67-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoforum.2015.07.002"},{"key":"bibr68-20539517221124585","unstructured":"TechCrunch (2011) Turkish private shopping site Trendyol scores a big round from KPCB, Tiger Global. In: TechCrunch. Available at: https:\/\/social.techcrunch.com\/2011\/07\/22\/turkish-private-shopping-site-trendyol-scores-a-big-round-from-kpcb-tiger-global\/ (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr69-20539517221124585","unstructured":"TechCrunch (2021) Turkey\u2019s first decacorn: Trendyol raises $1.5B at a $16.5B valuation. In: TechCrunch. Available at: https:\/\/social.techcrunch.com\/2021\/08\/09\/turkeys-first-decacorn-trendyol-raises-1-5b-at-a-16-5b-valuation\/ (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr70-20539517221124585","unstructured":"TOBB (2020) TOBB ve Trendyol\u2019un KOB\u0130 destek program\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Available at: https:\/\/www.tobb.org.tr\/Sayfalar\/Detay.php?rid=25781&lst=MansetListesi (accessed 14 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr71-20539517221124585","unstructured":"Turkish Competition Authority (2021) Rekabet Kurumu - E-Pazaryeri Platformlar\u0131 Sekt\u00f6r \u0130ncelemesi \u00d6n Raporu Yay\u0131mland\u0131. Turkish Competition Authority, 7 May. Available at: https:\/\/www.rekabet.gov.tr\/tr\/Guncel\/e-pazaryeri-platformlari-sektor-inceleme-a197b17532afeb11812e00505694b4c6 (accessed 23 December 2021)."},{"key":"bibr72-20539517221124585","unstructured":"United States Senate Congressional House Committee on the Judiciary (2020) Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets."},{"key":"bibr73-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190889760.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr74-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781849664264.0008"},{"key":"bibr75-20539517221124585","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S1745-886220180000013014"},{"key":"bibr76-20539517221124585","volume":"14","author":"Zhang L","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr77-20539517221124585","volume-title":"The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power","author":"Zuboff S","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517221124585","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/20539517221124585","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/20539517221124585","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T04:09:48Z","timestamp":1740802188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/20539517221124585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/20539517221124585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20539517221124585","relation":{},"ISSN":["2053-9517","2053-9517"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2053-9517","type":"print"},{"value":"2053-9517","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"article-number":"20539517221124585"}}