{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T09:43:40Z","timestamp":1777455820670,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T042133\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T042133\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/M010236\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/M010236\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Big Data &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent years have witnessed growing ubiquity and potency of state surveillance measures with heightened implications for human rights and social justice. While impacts of surveillance are routinely framed through \u2018privacy\u2019 narratives, emphasising \u2018chilling effects\u2019 surfaces a more complex range of harms and rights implications for those who are, or believe they are, subjected to surveillance. Although first emphasised during the McCarthy era, surveillance \u2018chilling effects\u2019 remain under-researched, particularly in Africa. Drawing on rare interview data from participants subjected to state-sponsored surveillance in Zimbabwe, the paper reveals complex assemblages of state and non-state actors involved in diverse and expansive hybrid online\u2013offline monitoring. While scholarship has recently emphasised the importance of large-scale digital mass surveillance, the Zimbabwean context reveals complex assemblages of \u2018big data\u2019, social media and other digital monitoring combining with more traditional human surveillance practices. Such inseparable online\u2013offline imbrications compound the scale, scope and impact of surveillance and invite analyses as an integrated ensemble. The paper evidences how these surveillance activities exert chilling effects that vary in form, scope and intensity, and implicate rights essential to the development of personal identity and effective functioning of participatory democracy. Moreover, the data reveals impacts beyond the individual to the vicarious and collective. These include gendered dimensions, eroded interpersonal trust and the depleted ability of human rights defenders to organise and particulate in democratic processes. Overall, surveillance chilling effects exert a wide spectrum of outcomes which consequently interfere with enjoyment of multiple rights and hold both short- and long-term implications for democratic participation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517231158631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T02:13:41Z","timestamp":1679451221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["\u2018I started seeing shadows everywhere\u2019: The diverse chilling effects of surveillance in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of West London, Ealing, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1374-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pete","family":"Fussey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}]},{"given":"Daragh","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}]},{"given":"Kuda","family":"Hove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Saki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University, New York, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-20539517231158631","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aeq.12136"},{"key":"bibr2-20539517231158631","unstructured":"Amnesty International (2021) Massive data leak reveals Israeli NSO spyware used to target activists, journalists, and political leaders. 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